ΠΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΡ β 7 Π·Π°Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ
It was Humphry Davy, an outstanding British scientist and the most popular lecturer in London, who helped Faraday to become an assistant at the laboratory of the Royal Institute. ΠΡ Π·Π½Π°Π΅ΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ½ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΡΡ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΡΠ΅Ρ Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ (ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ) Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄Π°. The most famous scientists, Lomonosov and Franklin happened to make their experiments in the field of atmospheric… Π§ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ Π΅ΡΡ >
- Π‘ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅
- ΠΡΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΊΠ°
- ΠΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ°
- ΠΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ
- ΠΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡ Π² Π½Π°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ
Π‘ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅
- 1. ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠΈΠ² — ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠΉ, ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ — Π΄Π²ΡΠΌΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, Π³Π΅ΡΡΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠΉ — Π²ΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠΉ Π»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ. ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²Π΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊ
- 1. In his early youth, Faraday had to save money to buy the apparatuses and instruments necessary for his experiments
- 2. We know him to have taken interest in many scientific and technical issues of his period
- 3. After a while, Faraday set to work on another important problem, that of magnetism and its effects
- 4. Electricity was thought to be rays or stream that passed from the material being rubbed
- 5. It was Humphry Davy, an outstanding British scientist and the most popular lecturer in London, who helped Faraday to become an assistant at the laboratory of the Royal Institute
- 6. To make up a pound of electric particles would take more of those particles than there are drops of water in the Atlantic Ocean
- 2. ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²Π΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊ, ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΠ°Ρ Π²Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π° Π±Π΅ΡΡΠΎΡΠ·Π½ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ
- 1. The computers provide the services we cant imagine our life without, for instance Internet, mobile telephony, digital cameras, etc
- 2. The properties of the semi-conducting materials the microprocessor technology is based on were discovered only in the middle of the XX century
- 3. Franklin solved the problem of lightning formation a lot of researches had been trying to solve before
- 4. Electron digital computers perform both arithmetical and logical operations with speed and accuracy people cant achieve
- 5. The elementary particles the atom consists of are negatively charged electrons in set orbits around the nucleus, positively charged protons and neutral neutrons making up the nucleus
- 3. ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²Π΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊ, ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ°Ρ Π² ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈ Π½Π΅Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ²
- 1. Being a young man, Yablochkov decided to give up a most brilliant career for a hard life of an inventor and a researcher
- 2. Getting no aid from the government, Prof. Garry Lowland had to spend all he had on his experiments
- 3. While making a series of experiments with the induction coil, he found out that the alternating current had many advantages over the direct current
- 4. Having discovered that carbon filaments were not efficient enough, Lodygin tried to find some other material, more suitable for the purpose
- 5. If placed in an evacuated glass bulb and heated by electric current, a tungsten filament presents the most suitable material for an incandescent lamp
- 4. ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²Π΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΄Π°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ
1. If the properties of semiconductors hadnt been discovered, the fast development of radio engineering, automatics, chemistry, electronics and many other fields of modern science and technology would have been impossible.
2. Faraday knew that if the current flew through the copper wire wound around an iron core, the iron would turn into the magnet.
3. If the same quantity of electricity passes through different electrolytes, the weights of substances liberated will be in the ratio of their equivalent weights.
4. If Ampere hadnt paid attention to Oerstaeds experiments, he wouldnt have discovered the law we know now as Amperes rule.
5. If the alternating current is applied to the cathode, the tube will conduct only during one half of each cycle, i.e. while the cathode is negative and the anode or the plate is positive.
5. ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²Π΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊ, ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΠ°Ρ Π²Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ².
1. The most famous scientists, Lomonosov and Franklin happened to make their experiments in the field of atmospheric electricity at about the same time.
2. Some scientists abroad are said to have attacked Franklins point of view on the electric nature of the lightning phenomenon.
3. All the mans knowledge in the field of electricity is known to have been obtained by different scientists during the past 400 years or so.
4. A fuse is known to include a wire made of metal with low melting point, which is heated sufficiently to melt by the excessive current passing through the circuit and, thus, breaks the circuit.
5. Some types of reactors are reported to produce more nuclear fuel during their operation than they consume.
6. ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²Π΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊ, ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΠ°Ρ Π²Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π³Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ² should ΠΈ would.
1. Faraday suggested that when the current flew through the copper wire wound around an iron core, the iron would turn into the magnet.
2. The founders of Microsoft realized that personal computers would be much better if users could program them in BASIC — a popular user-friendly computer language — instead of machine code.
3. Before engineers begin to construct any transmission line, they should take into consideration the safety of the environment it will run through.
4. You should connect the metal parts of the installation under voltage with ground by means of safety earthening to reduce the danger of electric shock.
5. All the visitors of the agricultural exhibition were invited to see the new installation in action.
Π‘ΠΏΠΈΡΠΎΠΊ Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ
- SEMICONDUCTORS
- The term «Semiconductors» means «half-conductors», that is, a material the conductivity of which ranges between that of conductors and non-conductors (or insulators, as they are most of the time called by practicing power engineers). They include a great variety of basic elements (silicon, germanium, selenium, phosphorus and others), many chemical compounds and complexes (oxides, sulphides, etc.), as well as numerous ores and minerals.
- While the conductivity of metals is very little influenced by temperature, the conductivity of semiconductors increases sharply with their heating, and it falls abruptly with their cooling. This co-relative dependence has opened great prospects for employing semiconductor in measuring instruments, that operate basing on recent scientific researches and modern energy techniques. Light as well as heat increases the conductivity of semiconducting materials, this principle being used in creating photoresistances. It is also widely applied for switching on engines, for counting parts and single units on an automatic conveyer belt, as well as for various systems of emergency signals and for reproducing sound in cinematography. Besides reacting to light, semiconductors react to all kinds of radiations and are therefore employed in designing electronic counters.
- Converting heat into electricity without using boilers or other machines and with little energy losses was one of the most complicated engineering problems that was faced by power researchers. This could be done by means of metal thermo-couples, which later on were made of semiconductors that generated ten times as much electricity as the metal ones.
- Sunlight, like heat, wind or tide, can feed our electric circuits. Photocells made of semiconducting materials are capable of transforming ten per cent of sunray energy into electric power. By burning wood, which has accumulated the same amount of solar energy, we obtain only fractions of one per cent of electric power, which is so much vital for our domestic and industrial purposes. The electricity generated by semiconductor thermocouples can produce not only heat but also cold, this principle being used in manufacturing cooling installations, including small-sized refrigerators.
- Semiconductors are determining the progress of radio engineering, farm and industrial automation, some branches of chemistry, electrical engineering and many other fields of science and broader power installation design and application.