Валидация методов лабораторной диагностики инфекций, вызываемых Chlamydia Trachomatis
Диссертация
Для лабораторной диагностики инфекций, вызванных Chlamydia trachomatis, целесообразно применение двух методов с использованием понятия true positive (истинно положительного) результата: выделение Chlamydia trachomatis в культуре клеток или обнаружение хламидий одновременно двумя другими методами. «Золотым стандартом» диагностики хламидийной инфекции является сочетание культурального метода и ПЦР… Читать ещё >
Содержание
- СПИСОК СОКРАЩЕНИЙ
- ГЛАВА 1. ОБЗОР ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ
- ХЛАМИДИЙНЫЕ ИНФЕКЦИИ И ОСОБЕННОСТИ МИКРОБИОЛОГИЧЕСКОЙ ДИАГНОСТИКИ
- 1. 1. История изучения хламидий
- 1. 2. Становление таксономии хламидий
- 1. 3. Цикл развития хламидий
- 1. 4. Клинические проявления хламидийной инфекции
- 1. 5. Лабораторные методы диагностики инфекций, вызванных Chlamydia trachomatis
- 1. 6. Чувствительность и специфичность методов, используемых в микробиологической диагностике хламидийных инфекций
- ГЛАВА 2. МАТЕРИАЛЫ И МЕТОДЫ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ
- 2. 1. Исследуемые группы
- 2. 2. Клинические материалы
- 2. 3. Используемые методы исследования
- 2. 3. 1. Полимеразная цепная реакция
- 2. 3. 2. Прямая иммунофлюоресценция
- 2. 3. 3. Культура клеток
- 2. 4. Способы оценки диагностических методов
- 2. 5. Методы статистической обработки и критерии оценки
- ГЛАВА 3. РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ
- СРАВНЕНИЕ МЕТОДОВ ЛАБОРАТОРНОЙ ДИАГНОСТИКИ ИНФЕКЦИЙ, ВЫЗЫВАЕМЫХ CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS
- 3. 1. Эффективность использования метода культуры клеток (КК) в сравнении сПЦРиПИФ
- 3. 2. Сравнительный анализ используемых тест-систем для полимеразной цепной реакции (ПЦР)
- 3. 3. Сравнительный анализ тест-систем для прямой иммунофлюоресценции (ПИФ)
- 3. 4. Сравнение основных показателей методов ПЦР, ПИФ и КК при диагностике инфекций, вызываемых Chlamydia trachomatis, среди разных групп пациентов
- 3. 5. Обнаружение Chlamydia trachomatis в различных клинических материалах урогенитального тракта
- ОБСУЖДЕНИЕ
- ВЫВОДЫ
Список литературы
- Анри-Сюше Ж. Хламидиозы в гинекологии // Актуальные микробиологические и клинические проблемы хламидийных инфекций. -М., 1990.-С. 46−51.
- Гланц С. Медико-биологическая статистика в медицине. М.: Практика, 1999.-238 с.
- Мартынова В.Р., Шаткин A.A., Щербакова Н. И., Зацепина Н.Д., Багдасаров
- A.Б., Франк В. И. Диагностическое выделение гальпровий (хламидий) в куриных эмбрионах при трахоме, паратрахоме и другой эпидемиологически родственной патологии // Сб. тр. Ин-та эпидемиол. и микробиол. АМН СССР.-Вып. 1, М., 1979.-С. 36−40.
- Покровский В.И., Гнутов И. Н. О генерализованной форме хламидиоза зоонозной природы у людей // Хламидии (гальпровии) и хламидиозы. М., 1982.-С. 23−25.
- Попов B.JI. Цикл развития и клеточный цикл хламидий // Хламидии (гальпровии) и хламидиозы. М., 1982. С. 12−17.
- Савичева A.M. Акушерские и микробиологические аспекты патогенеза и диагностики генитального хламидиоза. Автореф. дисс. докт. мед. наук,-СПб., 1991.
- Савичева A.M., Башмакова М. А. Урогенитальный хламидиоз у женщин и его последствия. Н. Новгород, 1999. — Р. НГМА. — С. 65−91.
- Савичева A.M., Башмакова М. А., Иванова Р. Д., Шаткин A.A., Панкратова
- B.М. Хламидиоз гениталий и трубное бесплодие // Актуальные микробиологические и клинические проблемы хламидийных инфекций. -P. М.-Р. 1990.-С. 55−57.
- Савичева A.M., Калашникова Е. П., Полякова Г. П. Внутриутробнаяпневмония, вызванная хламидиями //Акуш и гинекол. 1983. — № 1. — С. 4648.
- Терских И.И. Орнитоз и другие хламидийные инфекции. М.: Медицина, 1979.- 143 стр.
- Шаткин А.А. Актуальные вопросы номенклатуры, таксономии и классификации хламидий // Хламидии (гальпровии) и хламидиозы. -М., 1982.-С. 6−12.
- Шаткин А.А. Гальпровии (хламидии) и вызываемая ими патология // Гальпровиозы (хламидиозы) человека и животных. М., 1979. — С. 5−11.
- Шаткин А.А., Бескина С. Р., Мартынова В. Р. Усовершенствование метода культивирования гальпровий (хламидий) в клеточных культурах // ЖМЭИ. -1981.-№ 1.-С. 24−28.
- Шаткин А.А., Мавров И. И. Урогенитальные хламидиозы. Киев: Здоровье, 1983.-С. 14.
- Шубин С.В., Сидельникова С. М., Агабабова Э. Р., Сазонов Е. И. Сравнительная частота показателей хламидийной инфекции при болезни Рейтера // Хламидии (гальпровии) и хламидиозы. М., 1982. — С. 73−76.
- Щербакова Н.И. Гальпровии (хламидии) при болезни Рейтера (выделение из суставов и микробиологическая характеристика). Авторев. дис. канд. биол. наук. Москва. 980.
- Andersen AA. Serotyping of Chlamydiapsittaci isolates using serovar-specific monoclonal antibodies with the microimmunofiuorescence test // J Clin Microbiol. 1991. — 29. — P. 707−711.
- Arena B, Gasares M, Valentine BH, Cooke RP. Evaluation of laparascopy and endocervical swap in diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis infection of the female genital tract // Arch Gynecol Obstet. 1993. — V. 253 (1). — P. 5−7.
- Battle TJ, Golden MR, Suchland KL, Counts JM, Hughes JP, Stam WE, Holmes KK. Evaluation of laboratory testing methods for Chlamydia trachomatis infection in the era of nucleic acid amplification // J Clin Microbiol. 2001. -39(8).-P. 2924−2927.
- Beatty WL, Morrison RP, Byrne GI. Morphologic and antigenic characterization of interferon gamma-mediated persistent Chlamydia trachomatis infection in vitro // Proc Natl Acad Sei. 1993. — 90. — P. 3998−4002.
- Beatty WL, Morrison RP, Byrne GI. Persistant Chlamidiae from cell culture to a paradigm for chlamydial pathogenesis // Microbiol Rev. 1994. — 58. — P. 686 699.
- Black CM. Current methods of laboratory diagnosis Chlamydia trachomatis infections//Clin Microbiol Rev. 1997. — 10.-P. 160−184.
- Boom R, Sol CJ, Salimans MM, Jansen CL, Wertheim van Dillen PM, van der Noorden J. Rapid and simple method for purification of nucleic acids // J Clin Microbiol. 1990. — 28(3). — P. 495−503.
- Caldwell HD, Schachter J. Antigenic analysis of the major outer membrane protein of Chlamydia spp IIJ Infect Immunol. 1982. — 35. — P. 1024−1031.
- Carder C, Robinson AJ, Broughton C, Stephennson JM, Ridgway G. Evaluation of self-taken samples for the presence of genital Chlamydia trachomatis infection in women using the ligase chain reaction assay 11J STD AIDS. 1999. — 10(12). P. — 776−779.
- Cates W Jr & Wasserheit JH. Genital chlamydial infection. P. epidemiology and reproductive sequelae // Am J Obstet Gynecol. — 1991. — 164. — P. 17 711 781.
- Caul EO, Herring AJ. The diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis genital infection // In: TR Moss (Ed) International handbook of chlamydia. Euromed Communications Ltd, Exeter, 2001. — P. 21−33.
- Chazipov NZ, Gafarov CZ, Shafikova RA, Ravilov RC, Scherbanj GP and Karavajev JD. Chlamydial infection in animals. Moscow, Kolos. — 1984.
- Cheng H, Macaluso M, Vermund SH, Hook EW 3rd. Relative accuracy of nucleic acid amplification tests and culture and detecting Chlamydia in asymptomatic men // J Clin Microbiol. 2001. — 39(11). — P. 3927−3937.
- Choi TY, Kim DA, Seo YH. Evaluation of serotyping using monoclonal antibodies and PCR-RFLP for Chlamydia trachomatis serotype identification // J Korean Med Sei.-2001. 16(1).-P. 15−19.
- Coleman P, Varitek IK, Mushahlewar IK, et al. TestPack Chlamydia, a new rapid assay for the direct detection of Chlamydia trachomatis II J Clin Microbiol. -1989.-27.-P. 2811−2814.
- Cox RL. et al. Deoxyribonucleic acid relatedness of Chlamydia spp. strain TWAR to Chlamydia trachomatis and Chlamydiapsittaci II Int J Sys Bacleriol. — 1988. — 38.-P. 265−268.
- Dajek Z. Chlamydia trachomatis infections in Poland // Chlamydia trachomatis infections in Eastern Europe by ed Domeika M & Hallen A, Rev. 2000. — P. 65−68.
- Dan N, Tyrrell LOJ, Goldsand G. Isolation of Chlamydia trachomatis from the liver of a patient with prolonged fever // Gut. — 1987.-28(11). P. 1514−1516.
- Deak J, Nagy E. Chlamydia trachomatis infections in Hungary // Chlamydia trachomatis infections in Eastern Europe by ed Domeika M & Hallen A, Rev. -2000.-P. 39−49.
- Dean D, Schachter J, Dawson CR, Stephens RS. Comparison of Major Outer Membrane Protein sequence regions of B/Ba isolates: a molecular epidemiologic approach to infections // J Infect Dis. 1992. — 166. — P. 383−392.
- Dille BJ, Butzen CC & Birkenmeyer LG. Amplification of Chlamydia trachomatis DNA by ligase chain reaction // J Clin Microbiol. 1993. — 31. — P. 729−731.
- Domeika M, Butylkina R, Hallen A, Spukaite T et al. Prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis infections in women attending six women’s health care units in Kaunas, Lithuania, 2001. Sex Transm Dis.
- Domeika M, Drulyte O, Senkiene L, Spukaite T. Genital Chlamydia trachomatis infections in Lithuania // Proceedings of the Third meeting of the European Society for Chlamydia research. Austria, Vienna, 1996. — 14. — P. 396.
- Domeika M, Drulyte O. Use of PCR for the detection of genital Chlamydia trachomatis infection on self-obtained mailed vaginal sample // Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2000. — 79(7). — P. 570−575.
- Domeika M, Hallen A, editors. Chlamydia trachomatis infections in Eastern Europe. KATA Studio, Lithuania, Kaunas, 2000.
- Domeika M, Mardh P-A. ABC on Chlamydia. Continuing education for laboratory professionals. Sweden, Uppsala, 1993.
- Domeika M. Diagnosis of genital chlamydial infections in humans as well as in cattle. Sweden, Uppsala, 1994. — P. 47.
- Domeika M. Diagnosis of infections due to Chlamydia trachomatis II Scand J Infect Dis. 1997. — 76(Suppl.). — P. 121−127.
- Dunlop ENC, Marris RJ, Darougar S, et al. Subclinical pneumonia due to serotypes D-K of Chlamydia trachomatis. Case reports of two infants // Br J Vener Dis. 1980. — 55. — P. 337−340.
- Eckert LO, Suchland RJ, Hawes SE, Stamm WE. Quaantitative Chlamydia trachomatis cultures: Correlation of chlamydial inclusion-forming units with serovar, age, sex and race // J Infec. Des. 2000. — 182. — 540−544.
- Emma R, Lliffe-Lee, Grant McClarty. Glucose metabolism in Chlamydia trachomatis: the «energy parasite» hypothesis revisited // J Mol Microbiol. -1999.-33(1).-P. 177−187.
- Everett KDE, et al. Rapid detection of the Chlamydiaceae and other families in the order Chlamydiales: three PCR tests // J Clin.Microbiol. 1999. — 37. — P. 575−580.
- Everett KDE, et al. The ribosomal intergenic spacer and domain I of the 23 S rRNA gene are phylogenetic markers for Chlamydia spp 11 Int J Syst Bacterial. -1997.-47.-P. 461−473.
- Everett KDE, Hatch TP. Architecture of the cell envelope of Chlamydia psittaci 6BC // J Bacteriol. 1995. — 177. — P. 877−82.
- Fish ANJ, Fairweather DVI, Criel JD, Ridgway GL. Chlamydia trachomatis infection in gynecology clinic population: identification of high-risk groups and the value of contact tracing // Europe J Obstet Gynecol. 1989. — 31(1). — P. 6774.
- Fox JG, et al. Antigenic specificity and morphologic characteristics of Chlamydia trachomatis, strain SFPD, isolated from hamsters with proliferative ileitis // Lab Anim Sei. 1993. — 43. — P. 405−410.
- Fukushi H, Hirai K. Chlamydia pecorum the fourth species of genus Chlamydia // Japan Immunol. — 1993. — 7. — P. 516−522.
- Gerard HC, Branigan PJ, Balsara GR, Heath C, Minassian SS, Hudson AP. Viability of Chlamydia trachomatis in fallopian tubes of patients with ectopic pregnancy // Fertil a Steril. 1998. — 70. — P. 945−948.
- Gerard HC, Branigan PJ, Schumacher HR, Hudson AP. Synovial Chlamydia trachomatis in patients with reactive arthritis/Reiter's syndrome are viable but show aberrant gene expression // J Rheumatol. 1998. — 25. — P. 734−742.
- Gerard HC, Whittum-Hudson JA, Hudson AP. Genes required for assembly and function of thr protein synthetic system in Chlamydia trachomatis are expressed early in elementary to reticulate body transformation // Mol Gen Genet. 1997. -255.-P. 637−642.
- Gilson RJC, Mindel A. Recent advances in sexually transmitted infection: clinical review // BMJ. 2001. — 322. — P. 1160−1164.
- Givner LB, Rennels NB, Woodward CL, et al. Chlamydia trachomatis infection in infant delivered by Cesarean section // Pediatrics. 1981. — 68(3). — P. 420 421.
- Global prevalence and incidence of selected STIs. Overview and estimates, WHO, Geneve, 2001.
- Gomes JP, Viegas S, Paulino A, Catry MA. Sensitivity evaluation of the GenProbe AMP-CT assay by pooling urine samples for the screening of Chlamydia trachomatis urogenital infection // Int J STD AIDS. 2002. — 13(8). — P. 540−2.
- Grayston JT, et al. Chlamydia pneumoniae sp. nov. for Chlamydia sp. strain TWAR // Int J Syst Bacteriol. 1989. — 39. — P. 88−90.
- Grayston JT, Wang SP, Kuo CC, Campbell LA. Current knowledge on Chlamydia pneumonia, strain TWAR, an important cause of pneumonia and other acute respiratory diseases // Eur J Clin Microbiol and Infect Dis. 1989. -16(3).-P. 191−202.
- Greedall GA, Haas ST, Holbrook K, Walsh B et al. The relationship of Chlamydia trachomatis infection and male infertility // Am J Public Health. -1993.-83(7).-P. 996−1001.
- Hackstadt T, Scidmore-Carlson MA, Shaw EI, Fischer ER. The Chlamydia trachomatis IncA protein is required for homotypic vesicle fusion // Cell Microbiol.- 1999.-1.-P. 119−30.
- Hackstat T. Cell biology. In: Stephense RS, editor, Chlamydia intracellular biology, pathogenesis and immunity // American Society for Microbiology, Washington DC, 1999.-P. 101−138.
- Hatch TP. Chlamydia: old ideas crushed, new mysteries bared // Science. -1998.-282.-P. 638−639.
- Helnonen PK, Telsala K, Punnonen R, et al. Treating pelvic inflammatory disease with doxycyline and metronidazole or penicillin and metronidazole // Genitourin Med. 1986. — 62(4). — P. 235−239.
- Henry-Suchet J, Catalan F, Loffredo V, et al. Chlamydia trachomatis associated with chronic inflammation in abdominal specimens from women selected for tuboplasty // Fertil a steril. 1981. — 36(5/6). — P. 599−605.
- Hollander R, Van HK. Chlamydia trachomatis Siologie und Humanmedizinische Bedeutung II Forum Mikrobiol. — 1988. — 11(6). — P. 243 244.
- Inman RD, Whittum-Hudson JA, Hudson AP. Chlamydia-associated arthritis // Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2000. — 12. — P. 254−262.
- Jakobsone I. Chlamydia trachomatis infections in Latvia. Chlamydia trachomatis infections in Eastern Europe by ed Domeika M & Hallen A, Rev, 2000. P. 4653.
- Jaschek G, Gaydos LE, Welsh LE, Quitt T. Direct detection of C. trahomatis in urine specimens from symptomatic and asymptomatic men by using a rapid polymerase chain reaction assay // J Clin Microbiol. 1993. — 31. — P. 12 091 212.
- Jbarra CA, Lopez OG, Fueste GLD. Un ensayo para el aislamlento y demonstracion de Chlamydia trachomatis en exodados uretrales // Rev Latinoamer Microbiol. 1986. — 26(2). — P. 95−98.
- Jones RB Stothard DR. Chlamydia trachomatis ompl genotyping 11J Infect Dis. -2001.- 183.-P. 542−1543.
- Karabanov LG, Schimanskaija IG, Levonchuk EA, Gribkova NV. Chlamydia trachomatis infections in Byelorussia. Chlamydia trachomatis infections in Eastern Europe by ed Domeika M & Hallen A, Rev. 2000. — P. 9−15.
- Keat ACS. Chlamydia trachomatis in human arthritis chlamydial infections. th • • •
- Proc. 6 International on human chlamydial infections. London, New-York, 1986.-P. 269−279.
- Kohler L, Zeidler H, Hudson AP. Etiologic agents in rective arthritis: their molecular biology and phagocyte-host interactions // Bailliere’s Clin Rheumatol. 1998.- 12.-P. 589−609.
- Kuo C-C, Wang S-P, Holmes KK, Grayston JT. Immunotypes of Chlamydia trachomatis isolated in Seattle // Washington Infect and Immun. 1983. — 41(2). -P. 865−868.
- Land S, Tabrizi S, Gust A, Johnson E, Garland S, Dax E. External quality assessment program for Chlamydia trachomatis diagnostic testing by nucleic acid amplification assays 11J Clinic Microbiol. 2002. — 40(8). — P. 2893−2896.
- Lapinskaite G, Vagoras A, Butylkina R. Chlamydia trachomatis infections in Lithuania. Chlamydia trachomatis infections in Eastern Europe by ed Domeika M & Hallen A, Rev. 2000. — P. 54−64.
- Lees MI, Newnan DH, Garland SH. Simplified culture procedure for large-scale screening for Chlamydia trachomatis infections // J Clin Microbiol. 1988. -26(7).-P. 1428−1430.
- Mardh P-A, Oriel D. Genital chlamydial infections. Chlamydial infections: Cambridge Univ. Press. 1990. — P. 293−302.
- Mardh P-A, Ripa T, Svensson L, et al. Chlamydia trachomatis infection in patients with acute salpingitis // Engl J Med. 1977. — 296(24). — P. 1377−79.
- Mardh P-A, Svensson L. Chlamydial salpingitis // Scand J Infect Ols. 1982. -14(Suppl 32).-P. 64−72.
- Mardh P-A, Ursing B, Sandren E. Lack of evidence for an association between infection with Chlamydia trachomatis and Crohn’s disease, as indicated by micro-immunofluorescence antibody tests // Acta Path Microbiol, Scand Select B.- 1980.-88.-P. 57−59.
- Martin DH, Pastorek IG, Faro S. In-vitro and in-vivo activity of parenterally administered B-lactam antibioties against Chlamydia trachomatis 11 Sex Trans Dis.- 1987.- 13(2).-P. 81−87.
- McCartney RA, Walker J, Scoular A. Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in genitourinary medicine clinic attendees: comparison of strand displacement amplification and the ligase chain reaction // Br J Biomed Sei. 2001. — 58(4). -P. 235−238.
- Mittal A, Kapur S, Gupta S. Screening for genital Chlamydia infection in symptomatic women // Indian J Med Res. 1993. — P. 119−123.
- Moller BR, Ahrons S, Laurin J, Mardh P-A. Pelvic infection after elective abortation associated with Chlamydia trachomatis I I Obstet. Gynecol. 1982. -59.-P. 210.
- Morre CA. Chlamydia trachomatis infections in the human urogenital tract. Department of pathology. Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit, 1999. — P. 75−83.
- Moulder JW, Kery NJ, Schulman LR. Persistent infection of mouse fibroblasts (L cells) with Chlamydia psittaci: evidence for the cryptic Chlamydia form // Inf and Immun. 1980. — 30(3). — P. 874−883.
- Moulder JW. Interaction of chlamydiae and host cells in vitro // Rev Microbiol. -1991.-55.-P. 143−190.
- Moulder JW. The relation of basic biology to pathogenic potential in the genus Chlamydia II Infection. 1982. — lO (Suppl). — P. 10−18.
- Mumtaz G, Meilars BJ, Ridgway GL, Oriel JD. Enzyme immunoassay (Chlamydiazime) for detecting, Chlamydia trachomatis urethral and endocervical swabs // J Clin Pathol. 1985. — 38. — P. 740−742.
- Nedeljkovic M, Radenkovic M. Chlamydia trachomatis infections in Yugoslavia. Chlamydia trachomatis infections in Eastern Europe by ed Domeika M & Hallen A, Rev. 2000. — P. 106−112.
- Ngeow YF Hema V, Zakaria M, Lee CH, Ramachandran S. Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in urine samples by polymerase chain reaction and enzyme immunoassay // Malays J Pathol. 1997. — 19(2). — P. 127−132.
- Norkin LC, Wolfrom SA, Stuart ES. Assotiation of caveolin with Chlamydia trachomatis inclusions at early and late stages of infection // Exp Cell Res. -2001.-266(2).-P. 229−238.
- Numazaki K, Chiba S, Kogawa K, et al. Relationship between Chlamydia trachomatis infection and elevated serum immunoglobulin M levels in premature infants I I Eur J Clin Microbiol. 1986. — 5(5). — P. 573−575.
- Oriel JD. Chlamydial and viruses causing human sexually transmittid diseases -analogies with infections in animals: a review 11J Roy Soc Med. 1983. — 76(7). -P. 602−608.
- Ossewaade JM, et al. Development and clinical evaluation of a polymerase chain reaction test for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis IIJ Clin Microbiol. 1992. -30.-P. 2122−2128.
- Page L. Influence of temperature on the multiplication chlamydiae in chicken embryos. In: trachoma and related disorders caused by chlamydial agents, eds. RL Nichols // Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam. 1971. — P. 40−51.
- Pasternack R, Vuorinen P, Miettinen A. Evoluation of the Gen-Probe Chlamydia trachomatis transcription mediated amplification assay with urine specimens from women // J Clin Microbiol. 1997. — 35. — P. 676−678.
- Pasternack R, Vuorinen P, Pitkajarvi T, Koskela M, Miettinen A. Comparison of Manual Amplicor PCR, Cobas Amplicor and LCx assay for detection of C. trachomatis infection in women uine specimens // J Clin Microbiol. 1997. — 35. -P. 402- 405.
- Peterson EM, Markoff BA, Schachter J & De la Maza CM. The 7.5 Kb plasmid present in C. trachomatis is not essential for growth of this microorganism // Plasmid. 1990. — 23. — P. 144−148.
- Poder A. Chlamydia trachomatis infections in Estonia. Chlamydia trachomatis infections in Eastern Europe by ed Domeika M & Hallen A, Rev. 2000. — P. 32−38.
- Pollard DK, Tyler SD, Ng CW, Rozee KR. A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) protocol for the specific detection of Chlamydia spp. // Mol Cell Probes. 1989. -3,-P. 383−389.
- Ridgway GL, Mumtaz G, Robinson AJ, Franchini M, Carder C, Burczak J, Lee
- H. Comparison of the ligase chain reaction with cell culture for the diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis infection in women // J Clin Pathol. 1996. — 49. — P. 116−119.
- Ridgway GL, Taylor-Robinson D. Current problems in microbiology:
- Chlamydial infections: which laboratory test? // J Clin Pathol. 1991. — 44. -P. 1−5.
- Ripa KT, Mardh P-A. Cultivation of Chlamydia trachomatis in cycloheximide treated McCoy cells // J Clin Microbiol. 1977. — 44. — P. 1−5.
- Ripa KT. Biological principles of culture of Chlamydia trachomatis in cell monolayers // Scand J Infec Dis. 1982. — 14(Supp32). — P. 25−29.
- Rogstad KE. Complications in the female and their management. International Handbook of Chlamydia. 2001. — P. 1 -21.
- Schachter J, Grossman M, Sweet RL, et al. Prospective study of perinatal transmission of Chlamydia trachomatis II J Amer Med Ass. 1988. — 255(24). -P. 3374−3377.
- Schachter J, Helt J, Goodner E. et al. Prospactive study of Chlamydial infection in neonatales // Lancet. 1979. — 2 (8139). — P. 877.
- Schachter J, Moncada J, Whidden R, et al. Nonivasive tests for diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis infection: application of ligase chain reaction to firstcatch urine specimens of women // J Infect Dis. -1995.-172.-P. 1411−1414.
- Schachter J. Epidemiology of Human Chlamydial Infection. Proceedings 4th Meeting of The European Society for Chlamydia Research. Helsinki, Finland, 2000.-P. 307−310.
- Scidmore-Carlson MA, Shaw EI, Dooley CA, Fischer ER, Hackstadt T. Identificaion and characterization of a Chlamydia trachomatis early operon encoding four novel inclusion membrane proteins 11 Mol Microbiol. 1999. -33(4).-P. 753−765.
- Shafer MA, Schachter J, Moncada J, Keogh J, Pantell R, Gourlay L, Eyre S, Boyer CB. Evoluation of urine based screening strategies to detect Chlamydia trachomatis among sexually active asymptomatic young males 11 JAMA. — 1993. -270(17).-P. 2065−2070.
- Simms I. Epidemiology. International Handbook of Chlamydia (edited by Dr TR Moss).-2001.-P. 1−11.
- Stary A, Najim B, Lee HH. Vulval swabs as alternative specimens for LCR detection of genital chlamydial infection in women // J Clin Microbiol. 1997. -35(4).-P. 836−838.
- Stephens RS, Fawaz FS, Kennedy KA, Koshiyama K, et al. Eukaryotic cell uptake of heparin-cated microspheres: a model of host cell invasion by Chlamydia trachomatis // J Infect Immunol. 2000. — 68(3). — P. 1080−1085.
- Stephens RS, Kaiman S, Lammel C, Fan J, Marathe R, et al. Genome sequence of an obligate intracellular pathogen of humans: Chlamydia trachomatis // Science. 1998. — 282. — P. 754−759.
- Stephens RS. Chlamydia. Intracellular biology, pathogenesis and immunity. Washington: ASM Press. 1999. — P. 143−146.
- Stokes GV, Isada M. In vitro infection of human placental tissue by Chlamydia trachomatis. Abstr Annu Meet Washington, Washington. 1986. — P. 38.
- Storz J and Krauss H. Chlamydia. In: Handbuch der Bakteriellen Infektionen Bei Tieren, eds. H Blobel and T Schlieser. VEB Gustav Fischer. Jena, 1985. — P. 447−531.
- Stothard DR, Van der Pol B, Smith NJ, Jones RB. Effect of serial passage in tissue culture on sequence of ompl from Chlamydia trachomatis clinical isolates // J Clin Microbiol. 1998. — 36. — P. 3686−3688.
- Stothard DR, Boguslawski G, Jones RB. Phylogenietic analysis of the Chlamydia trachomatis major outer membrane protein and examination of potential pathogenic determinants. Infect Immun. 1998. — 66(8). — P. 3618−3625.
- Sugunendran H, Birley HD, Mallinson H, Abbott M, Tong CY. Comparison of urine, first and second endourethral swabs for PCR based detection of genital Chlamydia trachomatis infection in male patients // Sex Transm Infect. 2001. -77(6).-P. 423- 426.
- Sweet RL, Schachter J, Landers DU. Chlamydial infections in obsterics and gynecology // Clin Obstet Gynecol. 1983. — 26(1). — P. 143−164.
- Tchoudomirova K. Genital Chlamydia trachomatis infections in Bulgaria. Chlamydia trachomatis infections in Eastern Europe by ed Domeika M & Hallen A, Rev. 2000. — P. 6−22.
- Templeton K, Roberts J, Jeffries D, Forster G, Aitken C. The detection of Chlamydia trachomatis by DNA amplification methods in urine samples from men with urethritis // Int J STD AIDS. 2001. — 12(12). — P. 793−796.
- Wandy L Beatty, Richard P Morrison and Gerald L Byrne. Persistent Chlamydial: from cell culture to a paradigm for pathogenesis // Microbiol Rev. -1994.-P. 686−699.
- Wang SP, Grayston JT. Three new serovars of Chlamydia trachomatis: Da, la, L2A// J Infect Dis. 1991. — 132. — P. 87−105.
- Wang SP, Kuo CC, Barnes RC, Stephens RC, Grayston JT. Immunotyping of Chlamydia trachomatis with monoclonal antibodies // J Infect Dis. 1985. — 152. -P. 791−800.
- Wilcox MH, Reynolds MT, Hoy CM, Brayson J. Combined cervical swab and urine specimens for PCR diagnosis of genital Chlamydia trachomatis infection // Sex Transm Infect. 2000. — 76(3). — P. 177−178.
- Wong S, Gray E, Baxton D, et al. Acute placentilis and spontaneus abortion caused by Chlamydia psittaci of sheep origint a histological and ultrastructural study // J Clin Pathol. 1985. — 38(6). — P. 707−711.
- World Health Organization. Global prevalence and incidence of selected curable sexually transmitted infections // Overview and estimates. Geneva, 2001. — P. 10−11.
- Wyrick P. Cell biology of chlamydia infection: a journey in the host epithelial cell by the ultimate cellular microbiologist. In: Stephens RS, Byrne GI, Christiansen et al // Chlamydia Infection. 1998. — P. 69−78.
- Young DC, Craft S, Day MC, Davis B, Hartwell E, Tong S. Comparison of Abbott LCx Chlamydia trachomatis assay with Gen-Probe PACE2 and culture // Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol. 2000. — 8(2). — P. 112−115.
- Zhang JP, Stephens RS. Mechanism of Chlamydia trachomatis attachment to eukaryotic host cells // Cell. 1992. — 69. — P. 861−869.roc: