Динамика нарушений ритма и проводимости сердца на границе детской и взрослой патологии у оперированных и неоперированных больных
Большую помощь в оценке морфологических изменений в сердце при жизни оказывает изучение биопсиинот материала, который может быть получен из субшикардиальных (при чрескожной и интраоперационной биопсии) и субзндокардиальных отделов миокарда (Белоконь НА, 1984) На всем протяжении разви1ия медицинской науки врачи стремились «заглянуть» вглубь патологическом1 процесса, изучить патологически… Читать ещё >
Содержание
- СПИСОК СОКРАЩЕНИЙ
- 1. ОБЗОР ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ
- 2. МАТЕРИАЛЫ И МЕТОДЫ
- 2. I Клиническая характеристика
- 2. 11 Лети, подростки и шца ю юОого возраста, которым провоОи шеь повторные чреспищевоОные лектрофизио югические исс ¡-еОования
- 2. 12 Лети и подростки с АН оюкаОои I степени
- 2. 13 jlemu, поОростки и шца мо юОого возраста с имтантированными 1К ('
- 2. 14 Дети, подростки и шца мо юОого возраста, который npoeoou lach трансвепотая))н)омиокар (>иаьная биопсия правых камер сероца
- 2. 2 Методы исследований
- 2. 2 1 Разработка возрастных нормативов) ¡-ектрофито югических пока? ame ten фхнкции АН сое<)инения 4Н
- 2. 2 2 Методика чреспищев<�н)ных> ¡-ектрофишо югических исс ledoeauuu (ЧП WI)
- 2. 22 I <»цепка фнкции автомат («а uimuiRoio i ia (С V )>
- 2. 2 2 2 Оценка atrveiра. цюи агрио"аггрик мрнои ирово. шмоеги 1ючка НеикеГмча) ^
- 2. 2 2 Оцреде 1еиие >ффек iubiioio рефрактерно! о периода (>14 11 АН и>е, ишемия
- 2. 2 3 Мето ()нка <) ште ¡-ьного чао и<�н)ения пациентов с имп iоптированным же
- 2. 2 4 МетосШка трансвеношои) н (>омиокар (Ша ¡-ьнои биопсии
- 2. 2 5 МетосШки j iектроннои и световой микроскопии
- 2. 2 6 Методика проведения томосцинтиграфии миокар<)а 6Н
- 3. РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ
3 РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ 70 з 1 Динамика электрофизиологических показателей функции синусового узла и атриовентрикулярного соединения у детей, подростков и лиц молодого возраста 70 3 11 Разработка возрастных нормативов j ¡-ектрофизиологических показате лей функции АН соединения у Oemeti, поОростков и шц молоОого возраста
3 12 Динамика j гектрофизиоюгических пока юте чей при чреспищевоОных ЭФИ 73 з 2 Клинико-электрофизиологическая характеристика и динамика АВ блокад I степени у детей и подростков з з Результаты наблюдения пациентов с имплантированными электрокардиостимуляторами '
3 3 1 Динамика спонтанного ритма при отключении ЭКС
3 3 2 Апашi с 1'чаев шмены ЭКС 112 з 4 Результаты эндомиокардиальнои биопсии из правых камер сердца у детей, подростков и лиц молодого возраста
Список литературы
- Адрианов, А В Клинико-инструментальная оценка брадиаритмий у детей Автореф дис канд мед наук 14 00 09 / СПб ГПМА СПб, 1998 — 24 с
- Бокерия Е Л Нарушения ритма сердца у детей первых лет жизни // Сердечно-сосудистые заболевания Бюллетень НЦССХ им АН Бакулева 2001 Т 2, № 2 С 61−77
- Бредикис Ю Ю, Дрогайцев, А В, Стирбис П П Физиологическая электростимуляция сердца // Кардиология 1983 — т 23, № 9 — С 114−117
- Г ордеев О Л Клиническая оценка функциональных возможностей современных физиологических электрокардиостимуляторов у детей и взрослых Автореф дис канд мед наук 14 00 06, 14 00 44 / СПб ГМУ им акад И П Павлова СПб, 1999 16 с
- Г риторов С С, Вотчал Ф Б, Костылева С) В Электрокардиограмма при искусственном водителе ритма сердца / Москва Медицина, 1990 240 с
- Дрогайцев, А Д Сравнительная оценка различных способов постоянной шектрокардиостимуляции сердца при брадикардии // Кардиология 1990 — Т 30, № 2 С 5−11
- Егоров Д Ф, Адрианов, А В, Гордеев О Л, Аржелас М Н Показания к имплантации современных шектрокардиостимуляторов при брадиаритмиях у детей // Материалы к II Всероссийскому симпозиуму «Нарушения ритма и проводимости сердца у детей» -СПб -1996 65 с
- Константинов Б, А, Нечаенко М, А, Таричко Ю В Постоянная элекгрокардиостимуляция у детей с полной поперечной блокадой сердца // Хирургия -1982 № 9 -С 39−44
- Костылева О В, Вотчал Ф Б, Термосесов С, А, Моржин М, А Картина ЭКГ на фоне постоянной эндокардиальной электрокардиостимуляции ЭКС-444 // Кардиология 1992 Т 32, № 2 С 104−107
- Костылева О В, Вотчал Ф Б, Термосесов С, А, Моржин М, А Первый опыт применения отечественного электрокардиостимулятора типа DDD ЭКС-444 // Кардиология 1992 Т 32, № 7−8 С 15−17
- Лебедева В К Клинико→лектрофизиологические критерии диагностики нарушений функции синусового узла у детей Автореф дис канд мед наук14 00 09 / СПб ГПМА СПб, 2000 24 с
- Францев В И, Шахламов В, А, Захаров ЕМ и др // Кардиология 1981 -№ 1 С 54−58
- Школьникова M, А Прогнозирование риска развития жизнеугрожаемых состояний и внезапной смерти при нарушениях сердечного ритма у детей, принципы профилактики Автореф дис докт мед наук 14 00 09 / Москва -1993
- Шульман В, А, Егоров Д Ф, Матюшин Г В, Выговский, А Б Синдром слабости синусового узла / СПб, Красноярск 1995 — 264 с
- Яшин С М, Совершенствование методики физиологической электрокардиостимуляции и критериев отбора больных с нарушениями атриовентрикулярной проводимости Автореф дис канд мед наук / СПб ГМУ им акад И П Павлова СПб — 1994
- A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines Committee on Pacemaker Implantation
- ACC/AHA Guidelines for Implantation of Cardiac Pacemakers and Anti-Arrhythmic Devices//J Am Coll Cardiol 1998 — Vol 31 -P 1175−1209
- Andersen HR, Thuesen L, Bagger JP, et al Atrial versus ventricular pacing in sick sinus syndrome A prospective randomized trial in 225 consecutive patients // Eur Heart J 1993 Vol 14 — P 252
- Antretter H, Fritz M, Bonatti J Standards in pediatric pacemaker therapy // Wien Med Wochenschr 1995 — Vol 145, № 24 -P 651−656
- Barold S S, Falkoff M D, Ong I S, et al Electrocardiographic diagnosis of pacemaker malfunction // What’s New In Electrocardiography / Eds H J J Wellens, H E Kulbertus The Hague, The Netherlands Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1981 -P 236−299
- Barold S S Cardiac Pacing Hemodynamics The Pacemaker Syndrome Cardio -1991, September P 36−51
- Barold S S Modern Cardiac Pacing / Mount Kisco, NY Futura Publishing Company, Inc 1985 Chapters 23−25
- Bathen J, Gundersen T, Forfang K Tachycardias related to atrial synchronous ventricular pacing // PACE -1982 № 5 P 471−475
- Bellocci F, Nobile A, Spampinato A, et al Antiarrhythmic effects of DDD rate responsive pacing // PACE 1991 — № 14 — P 622
- Benditt D G, Wilbert L, Hansen R, et al Late follow-up of dual chamber rate-adaptive pacing //Am J Cardiol -1993 -№ 71 -P 714−719
- Bevilacqua L, Hordof A Cardiac pacing in children // Curr Opin Cardiol -1998 Vol 13, № 1 — P 48−55
- Bink-Boelkens M, Velvis H, Homan van der Heide J J, et al Dysrhythmias after atrial surgery in children //Am Heart J -1983 -№ 106 -P 125
- Blake R S, Chung E E, Wesley H, et al Conduction defects, ventricular arrhythmias, and late death after surgical closure of ventricular septal defect // Br Heart J 1982 — Vol 47 — P 305−315
- Bolens M, Friedh B Sinus node function and conduction system before and after surgery for secundum atrial septal defect An electrophysiologic study // Am J Cardiol 1984 — Vol 53 -P 1415
- Brandt J, Attewell R, Fahraeus T, et al Acute atrial endocardial P wave amplitude and chronic pacemaker sensitivity requirements Relation to patient age and presence of sinus node disease // Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1990 — Vol 13 -P 417−424
- Bricker J T, Garson A Jr, Gillette PC A family history of seizures associated with sudden cardiac deaths//Am J Dis Child 1984 — Vol 138 — P 866−868
- Bricker J T, Porter C i, Garson A Jr, et al Exercise testing in children with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome // Am J Cardiol 1985 Vol 55 — P 10 011 004
- Bricker J T, Banson A, Traveek M S, et al The use of exercise testing in children to evaluate abnormalities of pacemaker function not apparent at rest // Pacing Clin Electrophysiol -1985 Vol 8 P 656−660
- Brodskv M, Wu D, Denes P, Kanakis C, et al Arrhythmias documented by 24 hour continuous electrocardiographic monitoring in 50 male medical students without apparent heart disease//Am J Cardiol 1977 Vol 39 P 390−395
- Brownlee J R, Serwer G A, Dick M II, et al Failure of electrocardiographic monitoring to detect cardiac arrest in patients with pacemakers // Am J Dis Child 1989 Vol 143 P 105−107
- Burke A P, Farb A, Virmam R, Goodm J, Smialek J E Sports-related and non-sports-related sudtien cardiac death in young adults // Am Heart J 1991 — Vol 121- P 568−575
- Byrd C L, Schwartz S J Transatrial implantation of transvenous pacing leads as an alternative to implantation of epicardial leads // PACE 1990 — Vol 13 -P 1856−1859
- Cabrera M E, Hanisch D G, Cohen M H, et al Cardiopulmonary responses to exercise in children with activity sensing rate responsive ventricular pacemakers // Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1993 — Vol 16 — P 1386−1393
- Camm A J, Bexten R S Congenital heart block // Eur Heart J 1984 — Suppl A -P 115−117
- Cardiac Pacing and Electrophysiology, 3rd ed Philadelphia, WB Saunders, 1998 P 561−567
- Case C L Cardiac pacing in the infant and child with postoperative congenital heart disease // Pediatric Cardiac Pacing / Ed by Gillette P C, Zeigler V L -Armonk, NY, Futura, 1995 P 95−113
- Celiker A, Alehan D, Oto A, et al Long-term clinical experience with a steroid-eluting active fixation ventricular electrode in children // Am J Cardiol 1997 Vol 80 P 355−358
- Celiker A, Tokel K, Lenk M K, et al Dual sensor pacemakers in children What is the choice of sensor blending9 // Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1997 — Vol 20 -P 1301−1304
- Chui C C, Gow R M, McCnndle B W, et al Impact of programmed sensitivity safety factor on atrial sensing in children // Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1997 -Vol 20 -P 2163−2170
- Clementy J, Dulhoste M -N, Eglofif Ph, et al Choix du monde de stimulation apres fulguration du faisceau de His Experience tiree d’une enquite retrospective portant sur 192 malades // Stimucoeur 1990 — Vol 8 P 74−79
- Cutler N G, Karpawich P P, Cavitt D, Hakimi M, Walters H L Steroid-eluting epicardial pacing electrodes six year experience of pacing thresholds in a growing pediatric population // Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1997 Vol 20, № 12 (Pt 1)1. P 2943−2948
- Daicoff G R, Asiami A, Tobias J A, et al Management of postoperative complete heart block in infants and children // Chest 1974 Vol 66 — P 639−641
- DeLeon S Y, Ilbawi M N, Backer C L, et al Exit block in pediatric cardiac pacing Comparison of the suture-type and fishhook epicardial electrodes // J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1990 Vol 95 P 905−910
- DeLeon S Y, Ilbawi M N, Koster N, et al Comparison of the sutureless and su-ture-tvpe epicardial electrodes in pediatric cardiac pacing // Ann Thorac Surg -1982 Vol 33 P 273−276
- Description and first clinical results of a fully automatic protection algorithm // PACE 1990 Vol 13 P 1711−1718
- Dodinot B PMT (DDD)-PM arrest (AAI)-related to «atrial hypersensitivity caused by battery depletion // Stimucoeur 1991 Vol 19 P 249
- Driscoll P J, et al Management of surgical complete AV block in children // Am J Cardiol 1979 Vol 43 P 1175−1180
- Esperer H D, Singer H, Riede F T Permanent epicardial and transvenous single-and dual-chamber cardiac pacing in children // Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1993 -Vol 41, № 1 -P 21−27
- Fletcher R, McManus Ch, Crews J, et al Follow-up intervals guided by percentage usage and generator and lead survival (abstract) // PACE 1994 Vol 17 -P 837
- Friedman R A, Van Zandt H, Collins E, et al Lead extraction in young patients with and without congenital heart disease using the subclavian approach // Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1996 Vol 19 P 778−783
- Frohlig G, Blank W, Schwerdt H, et al Atrial sensing performance of AV universal pacemakers during exercise//PACE 1988 Vol 11 P 47−60
- Frohlig G, Schwerdt H, Schieffer H, et al Atrial signal variations and pacemaker malsensing during exercise A study in the time and frequency domain // J Am Coll Cardiol 1988 — Vol 11 -P 806−813
- Fujiki A, Tani M, Mizumaki K, et al Pacemaker syndrome evaluated by cardiopulmonary exercise testing//PACE 1990 Vol 13 P 1236−1241
- Fukushige J, Porter C B, Hayes D L, et al Antitachycardia pacemaker treatment of postoperative arrhythmias in pediatric patients // Pacing Clin Electrophysiol1991 Vol 14 P 546−556
- Furman S Removal of implanted hardware // PACE 1991 Vol 14 P 755
- Ciambhir D S, Arora R, Khalilullah M Beneficial effects of dual chamber pacing on haemodvnamics of hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (abstract) // PACE1992 Vol I 5 P 546
- Garson A Jr Sudden death in a pediatric cardiology population, 1958 to 1983 Relation to prior arrhythmias // J Am Coll Cardiol 1985 — 5(suppl) P 138B-141B
- Garson A, Gillette PC, Gutgesell H P, et al Stress-induced ventricular arrhythmias after repair of tetralogy of Fallot // Am J Cardiol 1980 Vol 46 — P 10 061 012
- Garson A, Nihill M R, McNamara D G, et al Status of the adult and adolescent following repair of tetralogy of Fallot // Circulation 1979 Vol 59 — P 12 321 240
- Garson A Jr, Randall D C, Gillette P C, et al Prevention of sudden death after repair of tetralogy of Fallot Treatment of ventricular arrhythmias // J Am Coll Cardiol 1985 — Vol 5 -P 221−227
- Gascon D, Perez-Viro F, Heruzzo A, et al Autocapture Pacing the End of a Challenge // Heart Web 1996 Vol 2, № I — Article N 96 110 021
- Gillette P C, Ca^e C L, Oshzlok P C et al Pediatric Cardiac Pacing // Cardiol Clin 1992 Vol 10, № 4 P 749−754
- Gillette P C, Garson A Jr Pediatric Arrhythmias Electrophysiology and Pacing W B Saunders Company, 1990, P 617−629
- Gillette PC, Zeigler V L Pediatric Cardiac Pacing Armonk, New York Futura 1995
- Gillette P C, Zeigler V L, Winslow A T, Krats J M Cardiac pacing in neonates, infants, and preschool children // PACE 1992 Vol 15, № 11 (Pt 2) P 20 462 049
- Gillette P C, Edgerton J, Kratz J, et al The subpectoral pocket The preferred implant site for pediatric pacemakers // Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1991 -Vol 14 P 1089−1092
- Gillette P C, Kugler J D, Garson A, et al The mechanisms of cardiac dysrhythmias after the Mustard operation for transposition of the great arteries // Am J Cardiol 1980 Vol 45 P 1225−1230
- Gillette P C, Shannon C, Blair H, et al Transvenous pacing in pediatric patients //Am Heart J 1983 Vol 105 P 843−847
- Gillette P C, Shannon C, Garson A Jr, et al Pacemaker treatment of sick sinus syndrome in children//J Am Coll Cardiol 1983 — Vol I P 1325
- Gillette P C, Wampler D G, Shannon C, et al Use of cardiac pacing after the Mustard operation for transposition of the great arteries // J Am Coll Cardiol -1986 Vol 7 P 138−141
- Gillette P C, Zeigler V L, Case C L, et al Atrial antitachycardia pacing in children and young adults // Am Heart J 1991 Vol 122 P 844−849
- Gillette P C, Zinner A, Kratz J, et al Atrial tracking (synchronous) pacing in a pediatric and young adult population // J Am Coll Cardiol 1987 Vol 91. P 811−815
- Gillette P C Implantation technique for pediatric cardiac pacing // Pediatric Cardiac Pacing / Ed by Gillette P C, Zeigler V L Armonk, NY, Futura, 1995 P 3761
- Gillette PC Pacing indications and choosing the most appropriate generator In Gillette PC, Zeigler VL (eds)
- Gregoratos G, Cheitlin M D, Conill A, et al ACC/AHA guidelines for implantation of cardiac pacemakers and antiarrhythmia devices // J Am Coll Cardiol -1998 Vol 31 PI 175−1209
- Gross J N, Moser S, Benedek Z M, et al DDD pacing mode survival in patients with a dual-chamber pacemaker // J Am Coll Cardiol 1992 Vol 19 P 15 361 541
- Gwinn N, Leman R, Kratz J, et al Chronotropic incompetence A common and progressive finding in pacemaker patients // Am Heart J 1992 Vol 1231. P 1216−1219
- Hamilton R, Gow R, Bahonc B, et al Steroid-eluting epicardiat leads in pediatrics Improved epicardial thresholds in the first year // Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1991 Vol 14 P 2066−2072
- Hanseus K, Sandstrom S, Schuller H Emergency pacing and subsequent permanent pacemaker implantation in a premature infant of 1770 g with a follow-up of 6 years // Pediatr Cardiol 2000 Vol 21, № 5 — P 470−473
- Haskell R J, French W J Physiological importance of different atrioventricular intervals to improved exercise performance in patients with dual chamber pacemakers // Br Heart J 1989 Vol 61 P 46−51
- Hayes D L, Naccarelli G V, Furman S, et al Report of the NASPE Policy conference training requirements for permanent pacemaker selection, implantation, and follow-up // PACE 1994 Vol 17 P 6−12
- Hayes D L Electromagnetic interference, drug-device interaction, and other practical considerations / A Practice of Cardiac Pacing, 3rd ed / Ed by Furman S, Hayes D L, Holmes D R Jr Mount Kisco, NY, Futura, 1993 P 665−684
- Heldman D, Mulvihill D, Nguyen H, et al True incidence of pacemaker syndrome // PACE 1990 Vol 13 P 1742−1750
- Hesselson AB, Parsonnet V, Bernstein AD, et al Deleterious effects of long-term single-chamber ventricular pacing in patients with sick sinus syndrome The hidden benefits of dual-chamber pacing // J Am Coll Cardiol 1992 -Vol 19 P 1542−1549
- Hochleitner M, Hortnagi H, Hortnagi F, et al DDD-Schnttmacher bei ther-apieresistenten idiopathischen dilativen Cardiomyopathies 5 Jahresstudie // Herz-chrittmachertherapie und 1 lektrophysiologie 1992 Band 3, Heft 4
- Hofschire P J u loft D M, Moller J H Postoperative complete heart block in 64 children treated uuh ind without cardiac pacing // Am J Cardiol 1977 Vol 39 P 559−562
- Hover M H, Beerman LB, Ettedgui J A, et al Transatnal lead placement for endocardial pacing in children//Ann Thorac Surg 1994 Vol 58 P 97−101
- Irnich W Pacemaker standards//PACE 1989 Vol 12 P 269−270
- James F W, Kaplan S, Schwartz D C, et al Response to exercise in patients after total surgical correction of tetralogy of Fallot // Circulation 1976 Vol 34 -P 671−680
- Jeanrenaud X, Goy J -J, Kappenberger L Effects of dual-chamber pacing in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy // Lancet 1992 — Vol 339 — P 13 181 323
- Johns J A, Fish F A, Burger J D, et al Steroid-eluting epicardial pacing leads in pediatric patients Encouraging early results // J Am Coll Cardiol 1992 -Vol 20 — P 395−401
- Kadish A, Childs K, Schmaltz S, et all Differences in QRS configuration during unipolar pacing from adjacent sites Implications for the spatial resolution of pace-mapping//J Am Coll Cardiol 1991 Vol 17 P 154−151
- Kappenberger L, Linde C, Daubert C, et al Pacing in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy A randomized crossover study PIC Study Group // Eur Heart J 1998 -Vol 19 P 352−353
- Karbenn U, Borggrefe M, Breithardt G Pacemaker-induced ventricular tachycardia in normally functioning ventricular demand pacemaker // Am J Cardiol1989 Vol 63 P 120−122
- Karpawich P P, Stokes K B, Proctor K Improved epimyocardial pacing initial experience with a new bipolar, steroid-eluting, high impedance lead design // PACE 1994 Vol 17, № 11 (Pt 2) P 2032−2037
- Karpawich P P, Gillette P C, Garson A Jr, et al Congenital complete atrioventricular block Clinical and electrophysiological predictors of need for pacemaker insertion/'Am J Cardiol 1981 Vol 48 P 1098−1 102
- Karpawich P P, Hakimi M, Arcimegas E, et al Improved chronic epicardial pacing in children Steroid contribution to porous platinized electrodes // Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1992 Vol 15 PI 151−1157
- Karpawich P P, Perry B L, Faroold Z Q, et al Pacing in children and young adults in nonsurgical atrioventricular block Comparison of single-rate ventricular and dual-chamber modes // Am Heart J 1987 — Vol 113 P 316−321
- Kramer L, Griebenow R, Merten C Sinus Node Function in AV-block 11—111 (Abstract) // PACE 1993 — Vol 16, № 5 (Part II) — P 1131
- Krats J M, Gillette P C, Crawford F A Atrioventricular pacing in congenital heart disease // Ann Thorac Surg 1992 Vol 54, № 3 — P 485−489
- Krongrad E Prognosis for patients with congenital heart disease and postoperative intraventricular conduction defects // Circulation 1978 — Vol 57 — P 867 870
- Kugler J, Monsour W, Blodgett C, et al Comparison of two myoepicardial pacemaker leads Follow up in 80 children, adolescents, and young adults // Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1988 Vol 11 P 2216−2222
- Kugler J D, Danford D A Pacemakers in children An update // Am Heart J -1989 Vol 117 P 665−679
- Kugler J D, Yabek S M Sick sinus syndrome Clinical features and noninvasive evaluation // The Sinus Node in Pediatrics / Ed by Yabek S M, Gillette P C, Kugler J D London, Churchill Livingstone, 1984 P 48
- Lau C P, Tai Y T, Li J P S, et al Initial clinical experience with a single pass VDDR pacing system// PACE 1992 Vol 15 P 1894−1900
- Lau Y R, Gillette P C, Buckles D S, Zeigler V L Actuarial survival of trans-venous pacing leads in a pediatric population // PACE 1993 Vol 16, № 7 (Pt I) -P 1363−1367
- Levine P A Clinical manifestations of lead insulation defects // J Electrophysiol 1987 — Vol 1 P 144−155
- Linton D, Human D Perioperative management and administration of anesthesia in children with congenital complete heart block A case report and review // S. Afr Med J 1984 — Vol.66 — P 875−876
- Mabo P, Ritter P, Varin C, et al Inter et d’un algorithme d’adaptation automatique du delai auriculo-ventnculaire a la firacequence atriale instantanee en stimulation cardiaque DDD // Arch Mal Coeur 1992 Vol 85 P 1001−1009
- Maron B J Sudden death in young athletes lessons from the Hank Gaithers affair//N Engl J Med 1993 Vol 329 P 55−57
- Maron B J, Shirani J, Poliac L C, Mathenge R, Roberts W C, Mueller F O Sudden death in young competitive athletes clinical, demographic and pathological profiles //JAMA 1996 Vol 276 P 199−204
- McDonald K M, Maurer B Permanent pacing as treatment for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy//Am J Cardiol 1991 Vol 68 P 108−110
- Michaelsson M, Engle MA Congenital complete heart block An international study of the natural history // Ed by Brest A N, Engle M A Cardiovascular Clinics Philadelphia, FA Davis, 1972 -P 85−101
- Michaelsson M, Jonzon A, Riesenfeld T Isolated congenital complete atrioventricular block A prospective study//Circulation 1995 — Vol 92 — P 283−285
- Michalik R E, Wilhams H, Zom-Chelten S, et al Experience with a new epi-myocardial pacing lead in children // Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1984 — Vol 7 -P831−838
- Moak J, Barron K, Hougen T, et al Congenital heart block Development of late onset cardiomiopathy, a previously underappreciated sequela // Am Coll Cardiol 2001 Vol 7 -P 238−242
- Molthen M E, Miller R A, Hastreiter A R, et al Congenital heart block with fetal Adams-Stokes attacks in childhood // Pediatrics 1962 — Vol 30 P 32−41
- Myers M, Parsonnet V, Bernstein A Extraction of implanted transvenous pacing leads A review of a persistent clinical problem // Am Heart J 1991 -Vol 121 P 881−888
- Naito M, Dreifus L, David D, et al Re-evaluation of the role of atrial systole to cardiac hemodynamics Evidence for pulmonary venous regurgitation during abnormal atrioventricular sequencing//Am Heart J 1983 Vol 105 P 295−302
- Nihill M R, Bncker J T, Kearney D L Endomyocardial biopsy in infants and children // Pediatric Cardiology / Ed by Doyle E F, Engle M A, Gersony W M, et al New York, Springer-Verlag, 1985 P 343−347
- Nordlander R, Pehrsson SK, Zetterqvist P, et al Clinical experience of pacemaker treatment in children // Scand I Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1992 Vol 26, № I P 69−72
- Nurnberg J, Weng Y, Deff M, et al Transthoracic pacing in a very low birth weight infant with congenital complete AV block // Pacing Clin Elctrophysiol 2000 Vol 5 P 907−909
- Oda K, Ando F, Okamot F, Yamanaka K Pacemaker implantations in children with regard to the site of implantation // Kyobu Geka 1993 Vol 46, № 11 -P 911−915
- Oslizlok P C, Allen M C, Griffin M, et al Clinical features and management of young patients with cardioinhibitory response during orthostatic testing // Am J Cardiol 1992 Vol 69 -P 1363−1365
- O’Sullivan J J, Jameson S, Gold R G, et al Endocardial pacemakers in children Lead length and allowance for growth//PACE 1993 — Vol 16 -P 267−271
- Ott D Epicardial pacemaker implantation // Pediatric Arrhythmias Electro-physiology and Pacing / Ed by Gillette P C, Garson A Jr New York Grune and Stratton, 1990 P 575
- Pediatric Cardiac Pacing Armonk, NY, Futura, 1995 P 9−12, 23−36
- Pieterse M G, Den Dulk K, Van Gelder B M, et al Programming a Long paced atrioventricular interval may be risky in DDDR pacing // PACE 1994 Vol 17 P 252−257
- Pinsky W W, Gillette P C, Garson A T, et al Diagnosis, management and long-term results of patients with complete atrioventricular block // Pediatrics -1982 Vol 69, № 6 P 728−733
- Pocock W A, Bosman C K., Chesler E, et al Sudden death in primary mitral valve prolapse//Am Heart J 1983 — Vol 107 P 378−382
- Rees PC Use of pacemakers in children // Surgery for Congenital Heart Defects / Ed by Stark J, deLeval M Philadelphia, WB Saunders, 1994 P 139−153
- Rem A J J T, Simcha A, Ludomirsky A, et al Symptomatic sinus bradycardia in infants with structurally normal heart // J Pediatr 1985 Vol 107 P 724
- Rialland A, Lebreton H, Berder V, et al Stimulation epidurale permanente Indications for Pacing and Mode Selection pour le traitement des angors chroniques refractaires a propos d’un cas h Stimucoeur 1990 Vol 18 — P 101−107
- Rishi F, Hulse J E, Auld D O, et al Effects of dual-chamber pacing for pediatric patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy // J Am Coll Cardiol -1997 Vol 29 P 741−743
- Ritter P, Daubert C, Mabo P Haemodynamic benefit of a rate-adaptive AV delay in dual chamber pacing//Eur Heart J 1989 Vol 10 -P 637−646
- Ritter P, Vai F, Bonnet J L, et al Rate-adaptive atrioventricular delay improves cardiopulmonary performance in patients implanted with a dual chamberpacemaker for complete heart block//Eur J Cardiac Pacing Electrophysiol 1991 — Vol 1 — P 31−38
- Roberts W C Congenital coronary arterial anomalies unassociated with major anomalies of the heart or great vessels // Adult Congenital Heart Disease Philadelphia, Pa FA Davis Co, 1987 P 583
- Robertson J M, Laks H A new technique for permanent pacemaker implantation in infants and children // Ann Thorac Surg 1987 — Vol 44 — P 209−211
- Roifman C, Dembo L, Grenadier E, et al Sinus node dysfunction in a healthy pediatric population//Isr J Med Sci 1984 — Vol 20 P497
- Rosenqvist M, Brandt J, Schuller H Long-term pacing in sinus node disease Effects of stimulation mode on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality // Am Heart J 1988 Vol I 16 P 16−22
- Rosenqvist M, Isaaz K, Botvinick E H, et al The importance of a normal pattern of ventricular depolansation A comparison between atrial, AV-sequential and ventricular pacing//Am J Cardiol 1991 Vol 67 -P 148−156
- Rosenthal E, Bostock J VDD pacing in children with congenital complete heart block Advantages of a single pass lead // Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 19 971. Vol 20 P 2102−2106
- Ross B A, Zeigler V, /inner A, et al The effect of exercise on the atrial electrogram voltage in young patients // Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1991 Vol 141. P 2092−2097
- Ruiter J H Clinical aspects of cardiac pacing for bradyarrhythmias Thesis, Rotterdam, 1992 P 147
- Sachweh J S, Vazquez-Jimenez J F, Schondube F A, Daebritz S H, Dorge H, Muhler E G, Messmer B J Twenty years experience with pediatric pacing epicardial and transvenous stimulation // Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2000 — Vol 17, № 4 P 455−461
- Sakakibara S Konno S // Jap Heart J 1962 — Vol 3 — P 537−557
- Santini M, Alexidou G, Ansalone G, et al Relation of prognosis in sick sinus syndrome to age, conduction defects and modes of permanent cardiac pacing // Am J Cardiol 1990 — Vol 65 — P 729−735
- Saoudi N, Hidden F, Letac B Arrhythmias of a rate smoothing algorithm // Eur J Cardiac Pacing Electrophysiol 1992 — Vol 3 — P 203−207
- Sarmiento J J Clinical utility of telemetered intracardiac electrograms in diagnosing a design dependent lead malfunction // PACE 1990 Vol 13 — P 188 195
- Schuller H, Brandt J The pacemaker syndrome old and new causes // Clin Cardiol 1991 Vol 14 — P 336−340
- Schuchert A, Kuck KH Effects of local steroid elution on chronic pacing threshold and impedance of endocardial pacemaker leads // Cardiology 1993 -Vol 83, № 4 P 240−243
- Schuller H, Brandt J, Fahraeus Th QRS sensing via atrial lead in AAI and DDD pacing (abstract) // PACE 1985 — Vol 8 P A-95
- Scott O, Williams G J, Fiddler G I Results of 24-hour ambulatory monitoring of electrocardiogram in 131 healthy boys aged 10 to 13 years // Br Heart J 1980 -Vol 44 P 304−308
- Serwer G A, Dorostkar P C Pediatric Pacing // Clinical Cardiac Pacing / Ed by Ellenbogen K A, Kay G N, Wilkoff B L Philadelphia WB Saunders, 1995 P 706−734
- Serwer G A, Dorostkar P C, LeRoy S, et al Comparison of chronic thresholds between differing endocardial electrode types in children (abstract) // Circulation 1992 Vol 86 P 1−43
- Serwer G A, Dorostkar P C, LeRoy S, et al Evaluation of rate variable pacemaker function at maximal exercise exertion in children and young adults (abstract)//Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1991 — Vol 16 — P 899
- Serwer G A, Dorostkar P C Pediatric pacing 11 Clinical Cardiac Pacing / Ed by Ellenbogen K A, Kay G N, Wilkoff B L Philadelphia, W B Saunders, 1995 -P 706−734
- Serwer G A, Kodah R, Eakin B, et al Changes in pacemaker threshold with exercise in children and young adults (abstract) // J Am Coll Cardiol -1991 -Vol 17 P 207A
- Serwer G A, Mericle J M, Armstrong B E Epicardial ventricular pacemaker electrode longevity in childien//Am J Cardiol 1988 — Vol 61 — P 104−106
- Serwer G A, Uzark K, Beekman B, et al Optimal programming of rate altering parameters in children with rate-responsive pacemakers using graded treadmill exercise testing (abstract) // Pacing Clin Electrophysiol -1990 Vol 13 -P541
- Serwer G A, Uzark K, Dick M II Endocardial pacing longevity in children (abstract)//J Am Coll Cardiol 1990 Vol 15 -P212A
- Shandhng A H, Castellanet M J, Thomas L A, et al Variation in P-wave amplitude immediately after pacemaker implantation Possible mechanism and implications for early programming//PACE 1989 Vol 12 -P 1797−1805
- Shepard R B, Kirn J, Colvin E C, et al Pacing threshold spikes months and years after implant//Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1991 Vol 14 P 1834−1841
- Shepard R B, Sand M E, Colvin E V Cardiac pacing in children In Grillo H (i, Austen W G
- Siscovick D S, Weiss N S, Fletcher R H, et al The incidence of primary cardiac arrest during vigorous exercise // N Engl J Med 1984 — Vol 311 P 874 877
- Smith R T Jr Pacemakers for children '! Electrophysiology and Pacing Pediatric Arrhythmias / Ed by Gillette P C, Garson A Jr New York Grune and Strat-ton, 1990 P 532
- Sobotka P A, Mayer J H, Bauernfeind R A, et al Arrhythmias documented by 24-hour continuous ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring in young women without apparent heart disease//Am Heart J -1981 Vol 101 — P 753−759
- Southall D P, Johnston F, Shinebourne E A, et al A 24-hour electrocardiographic study of heart rate and rhythm patterns in population of healthy children // Br Heart J 1981 — Vol 45 -P 281−291
- Southall D P, Richards J, Mitchell P, et al Study of cardiac rhythm in healthy newborn infants // Br Heart J 1980 — Vol 43 — P 14−20
- Spotnitz H M Transvenous pacing in infants and children with congenital heart disease//Ann Thorac Surg 1990 — Vol 49 — P 495−496
- Squarcia U, Merideth J, McGoon D C, et al Prognosis of transient atrioventricular conduction disturbances complicating open heart surgery for congenital heart defects//Am J Cardiol 1971 — Vol 28 P 648−652
- Stierle U, Potratz J, Taubert G, et al Schrittmachersyndrom bei AV-synchronisierter Stimulation des Herzens // Dtsch Med Wschr 1991 — Vol 116 -P 1907−1910
- Stojanov P, Velimirovic D, Hmjak V, et al Absorbable suture technique Solution to the growth problem in pediatric pacing with endocardial leads // Pacing Clin Electrophvsiol 1998 — Vol 21 — P 65−68
- Stojanov P, Velimirovic D, Zivkovic M, Pavlovic S U, Putnik S Permanent endocatdial pacing by cephalic vein access in new-borns and infants surgical techniques // Cardiovasc Surg 2001 Vol 9, № I P 75−76
- Strathmore N F, Mond H G Noninvasive monitoring and testing of pacemaker function//Pacing Clin Electrophvsiol 1987 Vol 10 P 1030−1035
- Stroobandt R, Vandenbulcke F, Falleyn H, et al Voltage dip in pacemaker battery supply A new cause of pacemaker mediated tachycardia // PACE 1993 Vol 16 P 806−811
- Sutton DC, Sutton IC, Kent G // Bull Northwestern Umv Med Sch -1956 Vol 30 P 213−214
- Sutton R, Gunen S The Impact of Steroid Eluting Leads on Long Term Pacing in the Atrium and Ventricle // EUR J C P E -1991 -Voll,№l -P 10−15
- Sutton R, Markowitz H T Towards physiological stimulation in sinoatrial node disease//Eur J Cardiac Pacing Electrophysiol 1994 Vol 2 -P 126−131
- Sutton R, Ryden L, Bourgeois I, eds The Foundations of Cardiac Pacing An Illustrated Practical Guide to Rate Variable Pacing Volume 1, Part II Armonk, NY Futura Publishing Company, Inc, 1999 P 423−497
- Sutton R, Travill C M, Fitzpatrick A, et al DDDR pacing in severe chronotropic incompetence (abstract) // Eur Heart J 1990 — Vol 11 — P 311
- The Science and Practice of Pediatric Cardiology Philadelphia, Lea & Febiger, 1990 P 2156−2161
- Till J A, Jones S, Rowland E, et al Endocardial pacing in infants and children 15 kg or less in weight Medium term follow up // Pacing Clin Electrophysiol -1990 Vol 13 P 1385−1392
- Tomita Y, Imoto Y, Tominaga R, Yasui H Successful implantation of a bipolar epicardial lead and an autocapture pacemaker in a low-body-weight infant with congenital atrioventricular block report of a case // Surg Toda 2000 Vol 30, № 6 P 555−557
- Tomita Y, Imoto Y, Tominaga R, Yasui H Successful implantation of a bipolar epicardial lead and an autocapture pacemaker in a low-body-weight infant with congenital atrioventricular block report of a case // Surg Today 2000 — Vol 30, № 6 -P 555−557
- Travill C M, Guneri S, Hills W, et al The neurohumoral response to submaximal exercise in four pacing modes (abstract) // PACE 1991 — Vol 14 -P 621
- Troubleshooting Pacing Problems, St Paul, MN, Cardiac Pacemakers, Inc, 1980
- Ulicny K S Jr, Detterbeck F C, Starek P J K, et al Cojoined subrectus pocket for permanent pacemaker placement in the neonate // Ann Thorac Surg -1992 Vol 53 -PI 130−1131
- Van Camp S P, Bloor C M, Mueller F O, Cantu R C, Olson H G Nontraumatic sports death in high school and college athletes // Med Sci Sports Exerc -1995 Vol 27 P 641−647
- Vignati G, Maun L, Lunati M, et al Complicanze e sequele dell’elettrostimo-lazione cardiaoa in et pediatrica Nostra esperienza in 47 bambini // G Ital Cardiol1992 Vol 22, Ji"4 P 415−423
- Villaface J, Austin E Cardiac pacing problems in infants and children results of a 4-year prospective study//South Med J -1993 Vol 86, № 7 P 784−788
- Walsh C A, McAlister HF, Anders C A, et al Pacemaker implantation in children A 21-year experience // Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1988 — Vol 11 -p 1940−1944
- Winkler R B, Freed M D, Nadas A S Exercise-induced ventricular ectopy in children and young adults with complete heart block // Am Heart J 1980 -Vol 99 P 87−92
- Winkler R B, Nora A H, Nora J J Familial congenital complete heart block and maternal systemic lupus erythematosus // Circulation 1977 — Vol 56, № 6 -P 1103−1106
- Winslow A Nursing care of the pediatric pacemaker patient // Pediatric Cardiac Pacing / Ed by Gillette P C, Zeigler V L Armonk, NY, Futura, 1995 P 149 180
- Wish M, Fletcher R D, Gottdienner J S, et al Importance of left atrial timing in the programming of dual chamber pacemakers // Am J Cardiol 1987 — Vol 60 — P 566−571
- Witte J, Bondke H, Muller S The pacemaker syndrome A hemodynamic complication of ventricular pacing // Cor Vasa 1988 — Vol 30 P 393−399
- Wojtalik M, Szelgowicz B, Rohde W, Sharma G Permanent cardiac pacing in children Personal experience // Kardiol Pol -1993 Vol 38, № 1 — P 29−32
- Yabek S, Dillon T, Berman W Jr, et al Symptomatic sinus node dysfunction in children without structural heart disease // Pediatrics 1982 Vol 69 — P 590 593
- Yabek S M Swensson R E, Jarmakani J M Electrocardiographic recognition of sinus node dysfunction in children and young adults // Circulation 1977 -Vol 56 P 235
- Yabek S M, Jarmakani J M Sinus node dysfunction in children, adolescents and voung adults //Pediatrics 1978 Vol 61 P 593
- Zeigler V L, Gillette P C, Kratz J Is activity sensored pacing in children and young adults a feasible option9//PACE 1990 — Vol 13 -P 2104−2107
- Zeigler V L Intraoperative testing // Pediatric Cardiac Pacing / Ed by Gillette P C, Zeigler V L Armonk, NY, Futura, 1995 P 63−77
- Zeigler V L: Pacing system follow up // Pediatric Cardiac Pacing / ed by Gillette P C, Zeigler V L: Armonk, NY, Futura, 1995 P 205−242