Медицинская реабилитация и психосексуальная адаптация больных с врожденной гиперплазией коры надпочечников (ВГКП)
Диссертация
Следует отметить, что, в случае несвоевременной постановки диагноза или неадекватной терапии, а также позднего проведения операций, но коррекции пола (т.е. в условиях длительной ностнаталыюй гиперандрогенип) внешний облик девочек с ВГКН может не соответствовать принятым в обществе представлениям об образе женщины В результате, у родителей и пациентов может сформироваться неуверенность в избранном… Читать ещё >
Содержание
- Введение
- Глава 1. Современные подходы к медицинской и психосексуальной реабилитации больных с врожденной гиперплазией коры надпочечников, обусловленной дефицитом 21-гидроксилазы. (Обзор литературы)
- 1. 1. Физиология формирования пола
- 1. 1. 1. Дифференцировка внутренних и наружных гениталий плода
- 1. 1. 2. Половая дифференцировка мозга
- 1. 1. 3. Формирование психосексуального статуса
- 1. 2. Патология формирования пола
- 1. 2. 1. Врожденная гиперплазия коры надпочечников: распространенность, этиология, патогенез, клиническая картина
- 1. 2. 2. Медицинская реабилитация больных с ВГКН, обусловленной дефицитом 21-гидроксилазы
- 1. 2. 2. 1. Диагностика ВГКН, обусловленной дефицитом 21- гидроксилазы
- 1. 2. 2. 2. Лечение ВГКН, обусловленной дефицитом 21-гидроксилазы
- 1. 2. 2. 3. Оценка состояния качества медицинской реабилитации и адекватности заместительной гормональной терапии
- 1. 2. 2. 4. Хирургическая коррекция пола
- 1. 2. 3. Особенности психосексуального статуса больных ВГКН, обусловленной дефицитом 21-гидроксилазы
- 1. 1. Физиология формирования пола
- 3. 1. Медицинская реабилитация больных с врожденной гиперплазией коры надпочечников, обусловленной дефицитом 21-гидроксилазы
- 3. 1. 1. Диагностика врожденной гиперплазии коры надпочечников, обусловленной дефицитом 21-гидроксилазы
- 3. 1. 2. Оценка адекватности заместительной гормональной терапии
- 3. 1. 3. Хирургическая коррекция пола
- 3. 2. Особенности психосексуального статуса больных с ВГКН, обусловленной дефицитом 21-гидроксилазы
- 3. 2. 1. Особенности психосексуального статуса подростков и взрослых с врожденной гиперплазией коры надпочечников, обусловленной дефицитом 21-гидроксилазы
- 3. 2. 1. 1. Половое самосознание
- 3. 2. 1. 2. Полоролевое поведение
- 3. 2. 1. 3. Полоролевые стереотипы
- 3. 2. 1. 4. Психосексуальная ориентация
- 3. 2. 2. Особенности психосексуального статуса пациентов с ВГКН с различной степенью компенсации патологического процесса
- 3. 2. 2. 1. Половое самосознание
- 3. 2. 2. 2. Полоролевое поведение
- 3. 2. 2. 3. Полоролевые стереотипы
- 3. 2. 2. 4. Психосексуальная ориентация
- 3. 2. 1. Особенности психосексуального статуса подростков и взрослых с врожденной гиперплазией коры надпочечников, обусловленной дефицитом 21-гидроксилазы
Список литературы
- Бабичев В.Н. Нейроэндокринология пола. М.:Наука, — 1981.- с. 223.
- Белкин А.И., Голубева И. В. Социально-правовые аспекты гермафродитизма. // Гормоны и мозг, — М, — 1979.- с. 82−90.
- Белкин А.И., Грейнер Э. А. К проблеме половой идентификации личности. Проблемы современной сексопатологии. // Сборник трудов. Московский НИИ психиатрии. М, — 1972.- с. 9−26.
- Богданова ЕА. Гинекология детей и подростков. // М.: Медицинское информационное агентство.-2000.-с.39−43.
- Бондаренко Л.И. Принципы реабилитации больных с интерсексуализмом в гражданском поле. // Автореф. дисс. к.м.н.- М.-1990.
- Бухановский А.О., Андреев A.C. Структурно-динамическая иерархия пола человека,-Ростов-на-Дону.- 1993, — с. 151.
- Васильченко Г. С. Частная сексопатология (том 2). М.- 1983.
- Вейнингер О. Пол и характер. -М.- 1992.
- Вундер П.А. Эндокринология пола М.: Наука.-1980.-с. 253.
- Геодакян В.А. Эволюционная теория пола.-М.: Природа.-1991.- с.60−69.
- Голубева И.В. Гермафродитизм М.: Медицина,-1980, — с. 159.
- Голубева И.В., Леменева З. Л. Оперативное лечение больных с врожденным адреногенитальным синдромом. // Акушерство и гинекология, — 1967, — № 12.-с.64−65.
- Гончаров Н.П., Колесникова Г. С. Кортикостероиды: метаболизм, механизм действия и клиническое применение. //Адмантъ, — М.-2002.
- Дедов И. И., Калинченко Н. Ю., Семичева Т. В., Тюльпаков А. Н. и др. Молекулярный анализ гена CYP21 у пациентов с врожденной дисфункцией коры надпочечников, обусловленной дефицитом 21-гидроксилазы. // Проблемы эндокринологии, — 2004.- № 4, — с. 3−7.
- Дедов И.И., Дедов В. И. Биоритмы гормонов. М.: Медицина.- 1992.-е. 185 188.
- Дедов И.И., Семичева Т. В., Петеркова В. А. Половое развитие детей: норма и патология. М.: КолорИтСтудио.- 2002.- с. 213.
- Дедов И.И., Тюльпаков А. Н., Петеркова В. А. Соматотропная недостаточность-М.-ИндексПринт, — 1998.-е. 104−105.
- Демидов В.II., Казеев К. Н., Базарова Э. И. и др. Значение эхографии в дифференциальной диагностике доброкачественных и злокачественных кортикостером.// Тер. архив, — 1988.- Т. 60.- № 7.- с. 3−8.
- Долецкий С.Я., Окулов А. Б., Голубева И. В. Феминизирующая пластика у детей с нарушением формирования пола. // Материалы XXI съезда хирургов.-Минск, — 1983.-е. 294−296.
- Жуковский М.А. Детская эндокринология. М.: Медицина.-1995, — с. 262−367.
- Жуковский М.А. Нарушения полового развития М,-1989.
- Заяц Л.Д. Клиническая антропометрия и ее применение в детской гинекологии. // Актуальные вопросы гинекологии детей и подростков. Сборник научных трудов, — М.-1973.- с.39−52.
- Ильин Е.П. Дифференциальная психофизиология мужчины и женщины-СПб.: Питер.-2002, — с. 544.
- Исаев Д.Н. Сексология (перевод с англ.). СПб.: Питер.-2001.
- Исаев Д.Н. Психосоматические расстройства у детей.- СП6.-2000.
- Каган В.Е. Половая идентичность у детей и подростков в норме и патологии. -Лен, — 1991.
- Каган В.Е. Половой идентичности нарушения. // Справочник по психологии и психиатрии детского и подросткового возраста.- СПб.: Питер.-2000.-с.214.
- Каплан Г. И., Б. Дж. Сэдок. Клиническая психиатрия, — М.: Медицина,-1994.
- Касаткина Э.П. Актуальные проблемы гермафродитизма. // Проблемы эндокринологии, — 1992.-Т.38, — № 5.- с. 17−22.
- Касаткина Э.П. Дифференциальная диагностика и лечение гермафродитизма-М, — 1992.
- Касаткина Э.П. Реабилитация больных гермафродитизмом. Материалы республиканского совещания-семинара главных детских эндокринологов. Смоленск. 1999.
- Кле М. Психология подростка. Психосексуальное развитие. М.: Педагогика,-1991.-с. 172.
- Колесов Д.В. Биология и психология пола М, — 2000.- с.46−120.
- Коломинский Я.Л., Мелтсас М. Х. Ролевая дифференциация пола у дошкольников.// Вопросы психологии.-№ 3.- 1985.
- Кон И. С. Половые различия и дифференциация социальных ролей. Соотношение биологического и социального М.-1975.
- Кон И. С. Психология половых различий. // Вопросы психологии, — № 2, — 1981.-с. 47−56.
- Кочарян A.C. Личность и половая роль. М.- 2000.
- Лавин Н, Левин Л. Эндокринология. // Врожденная гиперплазия коры надпочечников, — М.:Практика.- 1999.- с 222−243
- Лявшина Г. Х. Психосексуальное развитие у детей. // Кафедра возрастной сексологии, — СПб.- 1996.
- Мастере У., Джонсон В., Колодни Р. Основы сексологии. // М.: Мир.-1998.-с.692.
- Окулов А.Б., Негмаджанов Б. Б. Хирургические болезни репродуктивной системы и секстрансформационные операции,— М.: Медицина, — 2000.- с. 72−95.
- Петеркова В.А., Семичева Т. В., Кузнецова Э. С., Карева М. А. и др. Врожденная дисфункция коры надпочечников у детей (этиология, патогенез, клиника, диагностика, лечение). М.- 2003.- с.45
- Поттер Э. Патологическая анатомия плодов, новорожденных и детей раннего возраста. М.-1971.- с. 343.
- Пыков М.И. Ультразвуковое исследование надпочечников. //Детская ультразвуковая диагностика (Под ред. Пыкова М. И, Ватолина К.В.). М.: Видар. -2001.- с.591−602.
- Резников А.Г. Половые гормоны и психосексуальная дифференцировка мозга,-М, — 1982.-с 124−146.
- Ремшмидт X. Подростковый и юношеский возраст. Проблемы становления личности. М.:Мир.-1994.-с.320.
- Саламова Д.К., Ениколопов С. Н., Дворянчиков П. В. Проективная методика «Фигура-Поза-Одежда» Журнал практического психолога. Тематический выпуск: Клиническая психология и психотерапия,-№ 10,11.- 2000. с.87−103.
- Саламова Д. К. Судебная сексология.-1999.- № 4.
- Самсонова J1.H. Оптимизация дифференциальной диагностики вариантов гермафродитизма. //Автореф. дисс. к.м.н.- М.- 1996.
- Соловьева А. А Особенности самосознания подростков с нарушением половой дифференцировки. // Тезисы докладов к 5 съезду общества психологов.-1989.-е. 143−144.
- Ткаченко А.А., Введенский Г. Е., Дворянчиков Н. В. Судебно-сексологическая экспертиза, том 1. М. РИО ГНЦС и СП им. В. П. Сербского. 1998. с 359.
- Ткаченко А.А., Введенский Г. Е., Дворянчиков Н. В. Судебно-сексологическая экспертиза, том 2.-М.: РИО ГНЦС и СП им. В. П. Сербского,-1999.- с 312.
- Хитрова А.Н. Ультразвуковая диагностика заболеваний надпочечников. // Практическое руководство по ультразвуковой диагностике. Т. 1 / Под ред. Митькова В.В./. М.- 2003.- с. 495−499.
- Хорни К. Женская психология. СПб.-1993.- с. 222.
- Шилин Д.Е. Синдром гиперандрогении у женщин с различными формами нарушений репродуктивной системы. // Автореф. дисс. .к.м.н. М.-1990.-С.21.
- Abdullah MA, Katugampola М, al-Habib S, al-Jurayyan N, al-Samarrai A, Al-Nuaim A, Patel PJ, Niazi M Ambiguous genitalia: medical, socio-cultural and religious factors affecting management in Saudi Arabia. // Ann Trop Paediatr.- 1991.-11:343−348.
- Al-Alwan I, Navarro O, Daneman D, Daneman A Clinical utility of adrenal ultrasonography in the diagnosis of congenital adrenal hyperplasia.// J Pediatr.- 1999.135:71−75
- Alisai NK, Thomas DFM, Lilford, et al. Feminizing genitoplasty for congenital adrenal hyperplasia: What happens at puberty? // J Urol.- 1999.-161:1588−1599.
- Anhalt II., Neely E.K., Raymond L.N. Ambiguous genitalia. // Pediatric Review.-1996.-V.17.-N6.-p.213−220.
- Appan S, Hindmarsh PC, Brook CGD. Monitoring treatment in congenital adrenal hyperplasia.// Arch Dis Child.-1989.-64:1235−1239.
- Attanasio A., Robkamp R., Bernasconi S, et al. Plasma adrenocorticotropin, cortizol, and degidroepiandrosterone respons to corticotropin-releasing factor in normal children during pubertal development. // Pediatr. Res.-1987.-22:41−44.
- Azziz R, Mulaikal RM, Migeon CJ, et al. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia: Long-term results following vaginal reconstruction. // Fertil Steril. 1986. -46:1011−1014.
- Bailey JM, Bechtold KT, Berenbauin SA. Why are tomboys and who should we study them? // Arch sex Behav.- 2002.-31:333−341
- Bandura A. Sochial leaning theory of identificatory processis. // Handbook of socialization theory and research. Chicago.-1969. — p. 213−262.
- Baker S.W. Psychosexual differentiation in the human. // Boil Respond. 1980. -V. 22.-p. 61−72.
- Baskin LS, Erol A, Li YW, et al. Anatomical studies of the human clitoris. // J Urol. 1999.-162:1015−1020.
- Bassoff ES, Glass GV. The relationship between sex roles and mental heals. // The counseling Psychologist. 1982.-V.10.-p.l05-l 12.
- Beatty WW. Gonadal hormones and differences in nonreproduction behaviors. // In: Gerall AA, Moltz H, Ward IL, eds. Handbook of behavior neurobiology, V. l 1, Sexual differentiation. New York Plenum.- 1992.- 85−128
- Bern SL. The measurement of psychological androgyny. // J of Consulting and clinical psychology. 1974.-V.42.-p.l55−162.
- Berenbauin SA. Effects of early androgens on sex-typed activities and interests in adolescents with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. // Horm Behav. 1999. — 35:102−110.
- Berenbauin SA. How hormones affect behavioral and neural development. // Dev Neuropsychol.-1998.-14:175−196.
- Berenbaum SA. Prenatal androgen and sexual differentiation of behavior. // In: Eugster EA, Pescovits OH, eds. Developmental endocrinology: Free research to clinical practice. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press.-2002.- p.293−311
- Berenbaum SA, Bailey MJ. Effects on gender identity of prenatal androgen and genital appearance: Evidence from girls with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. // J Clin Endocrinol Metab.-2003.-88(3):l 102−1106
- Berenbaum SA, Duck SC, Bryk K. Behavioral effects of prenatal versus postnatal androgen excess in children with 21-hydroxylase-deficient congenital adrenal hyperplasia. // J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000. — 85: 727−733.
- Berenbaum SA, Snyder E Early hormonal influences on childhood sex-typed activity and playmate preferences: implications for the development of sexual orientation. // Dev Psychol. 1995.-31:31−42
- Berg I, Nixon HN, MacMahon R. Change of assigned sex at puberty. // Lancet. -1963.-V.2. p. 1216−1219.
- Bergstrand CG. Growth in congenital adrenal hyperplasia. // Acta Paediatr Scand.-1966.-55:463−472.
- Biglieri EG, Kater CE. Mineralocorticoids in congenital adrenal hyperplasia. // J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 1991.- 40:493−499.
- Blackless M., Charuvasta A., Derrick A., Fausto-Sterling A., Lauzanne K., Lee E. How sexually dimorphic are we? Review and synthesis. // Am J hum boil.-2000. -12:151−166.
- Blythe M.J., Susan L., Rosenthal PhD. Female adolescent sexuality. // Obstetrics and gynecology clinics.-2000. V.27. -N.l. — p. 125−141.
- Bocian-Sobkowska J, Malendowicz LK, Wozniak W. Comparative stereological study on zonation and cellular composition of adrenal glands of normal and anencephalic human fetuses. I. Zonation of the gland. // Histol Histopathol. 1997.-12:311−317.
- Boepple PA, Mansfield MJ, Link K, et al. Impact of sex steroids and their suppression on skeletal growth and maturation. // Am J Physiol. 1988.-255:E559−66
- Breedlove SM 1994 Sexual differentiation of the brain and behavior.// In Berker JB, Breedlove SM, Crew D (eds): Behavioral Endocrinology. Cambridge, MA, MIT Press.-1992
- Brinbacher R., Marberger M. et al. Gender identity an adolescent with mixed gonodal desgenesis. // J Pediatr Endocrinol Metabol.-1999.-V.l 12. p. 687−90.
- Brook CG, Zachmann M, Prader A, Murset G: Experience with long-term therapy in congenital adrenal hyperplasia. // J Pediatr.-1974.-85:12−19
- Brudbury TN, Finchain FD. Individual difference variables in close relationships: a contextual model of marriage as an integrative framework. // J of personality and social psychology.-1995.-V.54.-p.713−721.
- Brunelli VL, Chiumello G, David M, Forest MG. Adrenarche does not occur in treated patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia resulting from 21-hydroxylase deficiency. // Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1995.-42:461−466.
- Brunelli VL, Russo G, Bertelloni S, et al. Final height in congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency: the Italian experience. // J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2003. — N16. — p. 277−83.
- Chamberlain NL, Driver ED, Miesfeld RL. The length and location of CAG trinucleotide repeats in the androgen receptor N-terminal domain affect transactivation function. // Nucl Acids Res.-1994.-22:3181−3186
- Channandari E, Hindmarsh PC, Johnston A, Brook CG. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency: alterations in Cortisol pharmacokinetics at puberty. //J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001. -N86 (6).- p.2701−8.
- Channandari E, Matthews DR, Jonston A, et al. Serum Cortisol and 17-Hydroxyprogesterone in Classic 21-Hydroxylase Deficiency: Is Current Replacement Therapy Satisfactory? // J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001. — V.86. — N10. — 4679- 4685.
- Chatterjee S, Chatteijee SK. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia: experience at Calcutta. // Indian Pediatr.-1992.-29:1013−1018.
- Choong CS, Kemppainen JA, Zhou ZX, Wilson EM. Reduced androgen receptor gene expression with first exon CAG repeat expansion. // Mol Endocrinol. 1996.10:1527−1535.
- Collaer M.L., Hiner M. Human behavior sex differences: a role for gonadal hormones during early development? // Psychological Bulletin-1995.-V.118.
- Cornean RE, Hidmarsh PC, Brook CG. Obesity in 21- hydroxylase deficiency patients. //Arch Dis Child. 1998. — 78:261−3.
- Costa EMF, Arnhold IJP, Mendonca BB, et al. Management of ambiguous genitalia in pseudohermaphrodites: New perspectives on vaginal dilation. // Fertile Steril. 1997.-67:229−232.
- Cutler Jr GB, Laue L. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency. // N Engl J Med.-1990.-323.- 1806−3.
- Dacou-Voutetakis C, Kakidis N: Congenital adrenal hyperplasia complicated by central precocious puberty: Treatment with LHRH-agonist analogue. // Ann NY Acad Sci.-1993.-687:250−254.
- David M, Sempe M, Blanc M, Nocolino M, Forest MG, Morel Y. Final heigth in 69 patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency. //Arch Pediatr. 1994.-1:363−7.
- De Peretti E, Forest MG. Pitfalls in the etiological diagnosis of congenital adrenal hyperplasia in the early neonatal period. // Honn Res. 1982. — 16:10−22.
- Diamond M, Sigmundson UK. Sex reassignment at birth. // Arch Pediatr adolesc Med.-1997.-V.51. p. 298−304.
- Diamond M, Sigmundson HK. Management of intersexuality. // Arli. Pediatr and Adolesc Med. -1997. V. 151. — p. 1046−1050.
- DiMartino-Nardi J, Stoner EJ, O’Connell A, New MI: The effect of treatment on final height in classical congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH). // Acta Endocrinol. -1986.-113:305−314.
- Dittmann RW. Ambiguous genitalia, gender-identity problems, and sex reassignment. // J Sex Marital Ther. -1998. -V.24. -N4. -p.255−71.
- Dittmann RW, Kappes ME, Kappes MH. Sexual behavior in adolescent and adult females with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. // Psychoneuroendocrinology. 1992. -17:153−170.
- Dittmann RW, Kappes MH, Kappes ME, et al. Congenital adrenal hyperplasial: Gender-related behavior and attitudes in female patients and sisters. // Psychoneuroendocrinology. 1990. — 15: 401−420.
- Dittmann RW, Kappes MH, Kappes ME. et.al. Congenital adrenal hyperplasial 1: Gender-related behavior and attitudes in female salt-wasting and simpl-virilizing patients. //Psychoneuroendocrinology. 1990. 15:401−420.
- Donahoe PK, Gustafson ML. Early 1-stage surgical reconstruction of the extremely high vagina in patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. // J Paediatr Surg.-1994. -29:352−8.
- Donier G. Hormones and sexual differentiation of the brain. // Sex. Horin. Behav. -1979. -V.6. -p.81−101.
- Ehrhardt A.A., Epstein R, Money J. Fetal androgens and female gender identity in the early treated adrenogenital syndrome. // Johns Hopkins Medical Jornal. -1968. -122:160−167.
- Ehrhardt AA, Evers K, Money J. Influence of androgen and some aspects of sexually dimorphic behavior in women with the late-treated adrenogenital syndrome. // Johns Hopkins Medical Jornal. -1968. -123:115−122.
- Ehrhardt A.A., Baker SW: Fetal androgens, human central nervous system differentiarion, and behavior sex differentiation. // In Friedman RC, Richart RM, Van De Wiele RL (eds): Sex Differences in Behavior. New York. Wiley. -1974. -p. 33−51.
- Ehrhardt AA, Meyer-Bahlburg HF. Prenatal sex hormones and the developing brain: effects on psychosexual differentiation and cognitive function. // J Clin Endocrinol Metab. -1975. -40(2).-318−25.
- Ehrhardt AA, Heino FL, Meyer-Bahlburg. Effects of prenatal sex hormones on gender-related behavior. // Science. 1981. -V.211. -p. 1312−1317.
- Eugster EA, DiMeglio LA, Wright JC et al. Height outcome in congenital adrenal hyperplasia caused by 21-hydroxylase deficiency: a meta-analysis. // J Pediatr.-2001 .138:26−32.
- Federman DD, Donahoe PK. Ambiguous genitalia etiology, diagnosis, and therapy. // Adv Endocrinol Metab. -1995. -V.6. -p.91−111.
- Florens L, Geis. Self-fullfilling prophecies: Asocial psychological View of gender. //J Sternberg. -1993. p. 9−11,30−38.
- Forest MG, Morel Y, David M. Prenatal treatment of congenital adrenal hyperplasia. // Trends Endocrinol Metab. 1998.-9:284−289.
- Frisch H, Parth K, Schber E, Swoboda W. Circadian patterns of plasma Cortisol, 17-hydroxyprogrsterone and testosterone in congenital adrenal hyperplasia. // Arch Dis Child.- 1981.-56: 208−213
- Froukje M. E., Sijper Ph. D., Stenvert L. S et al. Long-Term Psychological evaluation of Intersex Children. // Srhives of sexual behavior.-1998.-V.27.
- Funder JW. Aldosterone action.// Annu Rev Physiol. 1993.-55:115−130.
- Girgis R, Winter JS. The effects of glucocorticoid replacement therapy on growth, bone mineral density, and bone turnover markers in children with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. // J Clin Endocrinol Metab.-1997.-82:3926−3929.
- Gorski RA, Harlan RE, et al. Evidence for the existence of sexually dimorphic nucleus in the preoptic area of the rat. // J of comparative neurology. 1980. — V.193.-p.529−539.
- Goy RW, McEven BS. Sexual differentiation of the Brain. // Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. 1980.
- Green R, Wiliams K, Goodman M. Ninety-nine «tomboys» and «non tomboys»: behavioral contrasts and demographic similarities. // Arch Sex Behav. -1982. -11:247 267.
- Greulich WW, Pyle SI. Radiographic atlas of skeletal development of the hand and wrist 2hd Ed. Stanford: Stanford University Press. -1959.
- Grumbrach MM, Conte F. Disorder of sex differentiation. // In: Wilson JW, Foster DW, eds. Williams Textbookmof endocrinology.9111 ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders. 1998.-p. 1301−1425.
- Gruinbach MM, Ducharme JR. The effects of androgens on fetal sexual development. Androgen-induced female pseudohermaphroditism. // Fertil Steril.- 1960.11:157.
- Haan EA, Seijeantson SW, Norman R, Rollond AK, Antonis P, Richards RI, Penfold JL. Prenatal diagnosis and successful intrauterine treatment of a female fetus with 21-hydroxylase deficiency. // Med J Aust. -1992. 156:132−135.
- Harry Benjamin International Gender Dysphoria Association: The Standarts of care for gender identity disorders. // The International Journal of Transgenderism 11(2), AprilJune 1998.
- Hawkins J.R. Genetics and biochemistry of sex determination. // J. Topical. Endocrinol. -1998. V.3. — p. 16−17.
- Hauffa BP, Winter A, Stolecke H. Treatment and disease effects on short-term growth and adult height in children and adolescents with 21-hydroxylase deficiency. // Klin Padiatr. 1997. -209:71−77.
- Heazelwood VJ, Galligan JP, Cannell GR, et al. Plasma Cortisol delivery from oral cortisone acetate: relative bioavailability. // Br J Clin Pharmacol. -1984. -17:55−9.
- Heilbrun A.B. Human sex role behavior. // New York Pergamon. -1981.
- Heino FL, Meyer-Bahlburg. Gender and Sexuality in Classic Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia. // Endocrinology and metabolism clinics. 2001. -V30. -Nl.
- Helleday J, Edman G, Ritzen EM, Siwers B. Personality characteristics and platelet MAO activity in women with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH). // Psychoneuroendocrinology.- 1993.-18:343−3 5.
- Hendren HW, Atala A. Repair of the high vagina in girls with severely masculinized anatomy from the adrenogenital syndrome. // J Paediatr Surg. -1995.-30:91−4.
- Heren CAO, Orlofsky JL. Stereotypic and nonstereotypic sex role and behavior orientation, gender identity psychological adjustment. // J Personal and Social Psychology. 1998. -V.12. — N. l- p. 173−186.
- Hines M. Abnormal sexual development and psychosexual issues. // Ballieres clinical endocrinology and metabolism. -1998. -V.12. Nl.-p. 173−186.
- Hines M., Goy R.W. Estrogen before birth and development sex-related reproductive traits in the female guinea piq. // Hormones Behavior. -1985. -V.19.
- Hines M., Kaufman F.R. Androgen and the development of human sex typical behavior: rough-and-tumble play and sex preferred playmates in children with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH). // Child dev. 1994. — V.65- p. 1042−1053.
- Hochberg Z, Gardos M, Benderly A. Psychosexual outcome of assigned females and males with 46, XX virilizing congenital adrenal hyperplasia. // Eur J Pediatr. -1987. -146:497−499.
- Holmes-Walker DJ, Conway GS, Honour JW, Rumsby G, Jacobs HS. Menstrual disturbance and hypersecretion of progesterone in women with congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency. // Clin Endocrin. (Oxf). -1995. 43:291— 296 .
- Jaaskelainen J, Voutilainen R. Growth of patients with 21-hydroxylase deficiency- an analysis of the factors influencing adult heigth. // Pediatr Res 1997.- 41:30−3
- Jansen M, Wit JM, Van der Brande JL. Reinstitution of mineralocorticoid therapy in congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Effects on control and growth. // Acta Paediatr Scand.-1981.-70:229−233.
- Jefcoate W. Assessment of corticosteroid replacement therapy in adults with adrenal insufficiency. //Ann Clin Biochem. -1999. -36:151−157.
- Job JC, Munck A, Chaussain JL, Canlorbe P. Treatment of virilizing adrenal hyperplasia in adolescents. Use and side-effects of dexamethasone. // Arch Fr Pediatr. -1985.-N42.-p. 765−469.
- Jost A. Hormonal factors in the sex differentiation of the mammalian foetus. //
- Philos Trans R Soc Lond Biol Sci.- 1970.-259:119−130.i
- Kandeinir N, Yordam N. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia in Turkey: a review of 273 patients. //Acta Paediatr.-1997.-86(l):22−5.
- Klingensmith GJ, Garcia SC, Jones HW, Migeon CJ, Blizzard RM Glucocorticoid treatment of girls with congenital adrenal hyperplasia: effects on height, sexual maturation and fertility. // J Paediatr.- 1977.- 90:996−1004
- Knorr D, Hinrichsen de Lienau SG. Persistent obesity and short final height after corticoid overtreatment for congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) in infancy. // Acta Paediatr Jpn.- 1988.-30:89−92.
- Krege S, Walz KH, Hauffa BP et al: Long-term follow-up of female patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia from 21-hydroxylase deficiency, with special emphasis on the results of vaginoplasty. // BJU-Int. 2000. — 86(3): 253−8.
- Kuhnle U, Bullinge M. The quality of life in adult female patients with CAH: a comprehensive study of the impact of genital malformations and chronic disease on female patients life. // Eur. J. Pediatr.1995. -V. -154. p. 708−716.
- Kuhnle U, Bullinger M. Outcome of congenital adrenal hyperplasia. // Pediatr. Surg. Int. 1997. — Sep. — 12(7):511−5.
- Kuhnle U, Bullinge M., Schwarz HP, et al: Partnership and sexuality in adult female patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia: first results of a cross-sectional quality-of-life evaluation. // J Steroid. Biochem. Mol. Biol.-1993. 45: 123−126r~
- Kula K., Sowikovska-Heilczer J. Sexual differentiation of human brain. // Przegl.lek. -2000. -V.57. -Nl. p. 41−44.
- Lajic S, Wedell A, Bui TH, Ritzen EM, Hoist M. Long-term somatic follow-up of prenatally treated children with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. // J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998. — 83:3872−3880.
- Legro RS, Shahbahrami B, Lobo RA, Kovacs BW. Size polymorphisms of the androgen receptor among female hispanics and correlation with androgenic characteristics. // Obstet Gynecol. 1994. -83:701−706.
- Lim Y.I., Batch J.A., Warne G.L. Adrenal 21 -hydroxylasa deficiency in childhood: 25 years experience. // Pediatr. Child. Health. 1995. -V.31. — p.222−227.
- Levin LS. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia. // Pediatr Rev.-2000.-21:159−170.
- Linder BL, Esteban NV, Yergey AL, et al. Cortisol production rate in childhood and adolescence. //J Pediatr. 1990. -117:892−6.
- Lo JC, Schwitzgebel VM, Migeon CJ, et al. Normal female infants bom of mother with classic congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency. // J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1999. -84:930−6.
- Lopes LA, Dubuis JM, Vallotton MB, Sizonenko PC. Should we monitor more closely the dosage of 9-fluorohydrocortisone in salt-losing congenital adrenal hyperplasia? // J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. -1998. -11:733−737.
- MacLusky NJ, Naftolin F. Sexual Differentiation of central nervous system. // Science. -1981. V.211. -p. 1294−1303.
- Manoli I., Kanaka-Ganterbein Ch, Voutetakis A. et al. Early growth, pubertal development, body mass index and final height of patients with congenital adrenalhyperplasia: factors influencing the outcome. // Clin Endocrinology. 2002. -57:13 652 265.
- Matsusaka T, Ichikawa I Biological functions of angiotensin and its receptors. // Annu Rev Physiol. 1997. — 59:395−412.
- March H.W., Richards G.E. A test of bipolar and androgyny perspectives of masculinity and femininity. // J. Pess. -1989. -V.57. -N.l. -p.l 14.
- Melaren A. What makes a man a man? // Nature.-1990.-V.346.-p.216−217.
- Mercado AB, Wilson RC, Cheng KC, Wei JQ, New MI. Prenatal treatment and diagnosis of congenital adrenal hyperplasia owing to steroid 21-hydroxylase deficiency. // J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1995. -80:2014−2020.
- Merke DP, Clio D, Anton CK, et al. Hydrocortisone suspension and hydrocortisone tablets are not bioequivalent in the treatment of children with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. // J Clin Endocrinol Metab.- 2001.-86:441−5.
- Merke DP, Cutler GB Jr. New ideas for medical treatment of congenital adrenal hyperplasia. // Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2001. — N30(1).- p.121−35.
- Merke DP, Kabbani M. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia: epidemiology, management and practical drug treatment. // Paediatr. Druds. -2001. -3(8).-599−611.
- Meyer-Bahlburg HFL: Gender assignment in intersexuality. // J Psychol human sex. 1998.-10:1.-p. 1−21.
- Meyer-Bahlburg HFL: Psychobiologic research on homosexuality. // Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin North Am.-1993. -2:489−500.
- Meyer-Bahlburg HFL, Gruen R.S. et al. Gender identity from female to male in classical congenital adrenal hyperplasia. // Horm. Behav. 1998.- V.30.-p.319−332.
- Meyer-Bahlburg HFL. Gender identity disorder of childhood. // Introduction.
- Meyer-Bahlburg HFL. Psychobiological models of psychosexual differentiation. // Zeitschrift fur Humanontogenetik. -2000. -3:49−53.
- Meyer-Bahlburg HF. What causes low rates of child-bearing in congenital adrenal hyperplasia? // J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1999. -84:1844−1847.
- Meurling AM, Tonning-Olsson I. Sex differences in strategy and performance on computerized neuropsychological tests as related to gender identity and age at puberty. // Scandinavian Journal of Psychology.-2000.-41:81−90.
- Money J, Ehrhardt AA. Man and Woman, boy and girl: differentiation and dimorphism of gender identity from conception to maturity. // Baltimore, The Johns Hopkins University Press. -1972.
- Money J, Hampson JG, Hampson JL. An examination of some basic sexual concepts: the evidence of human hermafroditism. // Bull John Hopkins Hosp. 1955. — V. 97.-p. 301−319.
- Money J, Tucker P. Sexual Signatures: on being a Man and Woman. // Boston, MA: LittleBrown & Co. Inc. 1975.-p.95−98.
- Money J. Determinants of human gender identity/role. // Handbook of sexology. Elsevier. Amsterdam. 1977. -p.57−79.
- Money J. Hormones, hormonal anomalies and psychological heath care. // Wilkins the diagnosis and treatment of endocrine disorders in childhood and adolescents and, 4th Ed. Springfield: Thomas, -p.l 114−1178.
- Money J. Sex Hormones and other variables in human eroticism. // ln Young VC, ed. Sex and Internal Secretions.3rd ed. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins. -1961. -p. 1383−1400.
- Morel Y., Miller W.L. Clinical and molecular genetics of congenital adrenal hyperplasia to 21-hydroxylase Deficiency. // Adv.Hum.Genet.-1991. 20:1−68.
- Mulaikal RM, Migeon CJ, Rock JA. Fertility rates in female with congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency. // N Engl J Med. 1987. -316:178−182.
- Mullis PE, Hindmarsh PC, Brook CG. Sodium chloridesupplement at diagnosis and during infancy in children with salt-losing 21-hydroxylase deficiency. // Eur J Paediatr. -1990. 150:22.
- New MI, Wilson RC. Steroid disorders in children: Congenital adrenal hyperplasia and apparent mineralocorticoid excess. // Proc Natl Acad Sei. -1999. 96:12 790−12 797.
- New MI, Gertner JM, Speiser PW, del Balzo P. Growth and final height in classical and nonclassical 21- hydroxylase deficiency. // Acta Paediatr Jpn.- 1988.30:79−88.
- Newman K, Randolph J, Parson S. Functional results in young women having clitoral reconstruction as infants. // J Pediatr. Surg.-1992. 27: 180−184.
- Ozbey H. Gender assignment in female congenital adrenal hyperplasia.// Br J Urol.-1998.-81: 178−179.
- Pardridge WM, Gorski RA, Lippe BM, GreenR. Androgen and sexual behavior. // South Med J.-1980.-73(8): 1024−7, 1030.
- Prader A. Incidence of congenital adrenogenital syndrome. // Helv Paediatr Acta.-1958. -N13 (5).- p.426−31.
- Prader A. Der genitalbefund beim pseudohennaphroditismus femininus der kengenitalen adrenogenitalen syndroms. // Helv Paediatr Acta.- 1954.- N9.- p.231−248.
- Pang S. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia. // Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am.-1997. -26:853−891.
- Pang S, Mallaee MA, Hofinan L, et al. Morldwide experience in newborn screening for classical congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency. // Paediatrics.- 1988.-81:866−7
- Pescovitz OH, Comite F, Cassorla F, Dwyer AJ, et al. True precocious puberty complicating congenital adrenal hyperplasia: treatment with a luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone analog. // J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1984. — 58:857−861.
- Perrin C. White MD, Phyllis W, Speiser MD. Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia due to 21-Hydroxylase Deficiency. // The Endocrine Society Endocrine Reviews. 2000. -21 (3): 245−291.
- Premawardhana LDKE, Hughes I A, Read GF, et al. Longer term outcome in female with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. The Cardiff experience. // Clin Endocrinol.-1997.-46:327−332.
- Punthakee Z, Legault L, Polychronakos C. Prednisolone in the treatment of adrenal insufficiency: a re-evaluation of relative potency. // J Pediatr. 2003. — N143(3).- p.402−5.
- Randolph J, Hung W, Rathlev MC. Clitoroplasty for females bom with ambiguous genitalia: a long-term study of 37 patients. // J Pediatr Surg. 1981.16:882−887.
- Rasat R, Espiner EA, Abbott GD. Growth patients and outcome of congenital adrenal hyperplasia- effect of chronic treatment regiment. // NS Med J 1995. -108:31 114.
- Rivkees SA, Crawford JD. Dexamethasone treatment of virilizing congenital adrenal hyperplasia: the ability to achieve normal growth. // Paediatries. -2000. -106:7673.
- Robert T., Robin, J.M. Reinich et al. Postnatal gonadal effects on human behavior. //Science. 1981.-V.211.-p. 1318−1322.
- Rosier A, Levine LS, Schneider B, Novogroder M, New MI. The interrelationship of sodium balance, plasma renin activity and ACTH in congenital adrenal hyperplasia. // J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1977. — 45:500−512.
- Rosier A, Kohn G. Male pseudohermaphroditism due to 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficience: Studies on the natural history of the defect and effect of androgens on gender role. // J Steroid Biochem.-I983.-V.19.-p.663−74.
- Roslin Holly Fitch, Denenberg VH. Role for ovarian hormones in sexual differentiation of the brain. // Biobehavioral Sciences Graduate Degree Program. University of Connecticut Storrs. 1999. -CT 6 269−4154.
- Ruble DN, Martin CL. Gender development. // In Damon W (ed): Handbook of child Psychology, ed 5. V.3. In Eisenberg N (ed): Social, Emotional, and Personality Development. New York, J. Wiley and Sons. 1998, — 933−1016.
- Schnitzer JJ, Donahoe PK. Surgical treatment of congenital adrenal hyperplasia. // Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am.-2001.-30:137−154.
- Sellers EP, MacGillivray MH. Blunted adrenarche in patients with classical congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency. // Endocr Res. 1995.21:537−544.
- Sivit CJ, Hung W, Taylor GA et al. Sonography in neonatal congenital adrenal hyperplasia. // Am. J. Roentgenol. 1991. — V.156. — № 1 .-p. 141—143.
- Shackelford GD. Adrenal gland, pancreas and other retroperitoneal structures. // Pediatric Sonography. Ed. by Siegel M.J. NY: Raven Press. 1991. — p. 213−257.
- Shervin BB. A comparative analisis of the role of androgen in human male and female sexual behavior. Behavioral specificity, critical thresholds, and sensitivity. // Psycholobiology.-1988. 16: 416−425.
- Slijper FME. Androgen and gender role behavior in girls with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. // Prog. Brain res. 1984.-V.61.-p.417−422.
- Slijper FM, Drop SL, Molenaar JC, de Muinck K. Long-term psychological evaluation of intersex children. // Arch Sex Behav. -1998. -27:125−144.
- Slijper FME, Vam der Kamp HJ, Branderburg II, et al. Evaluation of psychosexual development of young women with congenital adrenal hyperplasia: A pilot study. // J of Sex Education and Therapy. -1992. -18:200−207.
- Soliinan AT, AlLamki M, AlSalini I, Asfour M. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia complicated by central precocious puberty: linear growth during infancy and treatment with gonadotropin-releasing hormone analog. // Metabolism. 1997. — 46:513−517.
- Solyoin J. Diurnal variation in blood 17-hydroxyprogesterone concentrations in untreated congenital adrenal hyperplasia. // Arch Dis Child,-1984.-59:743−747.
- Speiser PW. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia owing to 21-hydroxtlase deficiency. // Endocronol Metab Clin North Am.-2001.-30:31−59.
- Speiser PW. Toward better treatment of congenital adrenal hyperplasia. // Clin Endocrinol.-1999.-51:273−274.
- Speiser PW, Agdere L, Ueshiba H, White PC, New MI. Aldosterone synthesis in salt-wasting congenital adrenal hyperplasia with complete absence of adrenal 21-hydroxylase. // N Engl J Med. 1991.-324:145−149.
- Speiser PW, New Mi. Prenatal diagnosis and management of congenital adrenal hyperplasia. // Clin Perinatol.-1994. 21:631−45.
- Sripathi V, Ahmed S, Sakati N. et al. Gender reversal in 46, XX congenital adrenal hyperplasia. // Br J Urol.-1997. -79:785−789.
- Stewart J, Rajabi H. Estradiol derived from testosterone in prenatal life affect the development of catecholamine systems in the frontal cortex of the male rat. // Brain Research. -1994. -V.646. -p. 157−60.
- Stratakis CA, Rennert OM. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia: molecular genetics and alternative approaches to treatment. // Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci.-1999. -36:329−363.
- Tanner JM, Whitehouse R. Clinical longitudinal standart for height, weight, height velocity, and the stage of puberty. // Arch Dis Child. 1976. — 51:170−179.
- Technical report: congenital adrenal hyperplasia: section on endocrinology and committee on geneties. // Paediatries. -2000. -106:1511−8.
- Tlierrell BLJ, Berenbaum SA, Manter-Kapanke V, Simmank J, Korman K, Prentice L, Gonzalez J, Gunn S Results of screening 1.9 million Texas newborns for 21-hydroxylase-deficient congenital adrenal hyperplasia. // Pediatrics. 1998. -101:583 590.
- Thilen A, Woods KA, Perry LA, et al. Early growth is not increased in untreated moderately severe 21-hydroxylase deficiency. // Acta Paediatr. 1995.-84:894−898.
- Toran Alerand CD. Sex steroid and development of newborn mouse hypothalamus and preoptic area in vitro. Morphological correlates and hormonal specificity. // Brain res. 1980. -V.189.-N.2. — p. 413−427.
- Trautman PD, Meyer-Bahlburg HFL, Postelnek J, et al. Mothers' reactions to prenatal diagnostic procedures and dexamethasone treatment of congenital adrenal hyperplasia. //J Psychosom Obstet Gynecol. 1996.-17:175−181.
- Van der Kamp HJ, Otten BJ, Buitenvveg N, De Muinck Keizer-Schrarna SM, et al. Longitudinal analysis of growth and puberty in 21-hydroxylase deficiency patients. // Arch Dis Child. 2002. -N 87(2). — p. 139−44.
- Verkauf BS, Jones HW Jr. Masculinization of the female genitalia in congenital adrenal hyperplasia. // South Med J. -1970. 63:634−638.
- Von Schnakenburg K, Bidlingmaier F, Knorr D. 17-hydroxyprogesterone, androstenedione, and testosterone in normal children and in prepubertal patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. // Eur J Pediatr.-1980.-133:259−67.
- Wedell A. Molecular genetics of congenital adrenal hyperplasia (21-hydroxylase deficiency): Implications for diagnosis, prognosis and treatment. // Acta Paediatr.-1998.-87:159−164.
- Wilson J.D. Gonadal hormones and sexual behavior. // Endocrine reviews. 1999. — V.14.-p.577−593.
- Wilson JD. The role of androgens in male gender role behavior. // Endocr Rev. -1999.-20:726−737.
- Wisniewski AMY B, Migeon CG, Meyer-Bahlburg HFL, et al. Complete Androgen Insensitivity syndrome: long-term medical, surgical, and psychosexual outcomes. //J Clin Endocrinol Metab.-2000.-V.85.-N8.-p.2664−2670.
- White PC. Genetic diseases of steroid metabolism. // Vitam Horm. 1994. -49:131−195.
- White PC, Speiser PW. Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia due to 21-Hydroxylase Deficiency. // Endocrine Reviews. -2000. -21(3):245−291.
- White PC, New MI, Dupont B. Structure of human steroid 21-hydroxylase genes. // Proc Natl Acad Sei USA.-1986.-83:5111−5115.
- Whitehead FJ, Couper RT, Moore L, Bourne AJ, Byard RW. Dehydration deaths in infants and young children. // Am J Forensic Med Pathol. 1996. — 17:73−78.
- Woelfre J, Hoepffer W, Sippell WG, Brainswig JH, et al. Complete virilization in congenital adrenal hyperplasia: clinical course, medical management and disease-related complications. // Clin Endocrinology (Oxf). -2002. -56(2):231−8.
- Yamakita N, Yasuda K, Miura K. Delineation of adrenal in controls and nontumorous adrenal disorders by real-time ultrasonic scanner. // Ultrasound Med. Biol. 1986. V. 12. № 2. P. 107−114.
- Yu AC, Grant DB. Adult height in women with early-treated congenital adrenal hyperplasia (21-hydroxylase type): relation to body mass index in earlier childhood. // Acta Paediatr. 1995.-84:899−903.
- Zucker KJ, Bradley SJ, Oliver G, et al. Psychosexual development of women with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. // Horm behav. 1996. — 30: 300−318