ПЭТ-диагностика астроцитарных опухолей головнога мозга
Диссертация
Правильная и своевременная диагностика онкологических заболеваний сохраняет актуальность и в настоящее время. Особое место по тяжести течения и исходов занимают глиальные опухоли головного мозга, большую часть которых составляют астроцитомы разной степени злокачественности. Крайне важным для определения тактики их лечения является своевременное распознавание опухоли и получение наиболее полной… Читать ещё >
Содержание
- Глава 1. СОВРЕМЕННЫЕ ПРЕДСТАВЛЕНИЯ О ДИАГНОСТИКЕ ОПУХОЛЕЙ ГОЛОВНОГО МОЗГА МЕТОДОМ ПОЗИТРОННО-ЭМИССИОННОЙ ТОМОГРАФИИ (обзор литературы)
- 1. 1. Классификация и эпидемиология опухолей головного мозга
- 1. 2. Возможности позитронно-эмиссионной томографии в комплексной диагностике церебральных опухолей
- 1. 2. 1. Сравнительный анализ радиофармпрепаратов, используемых в ПЭТ диагностике опухолей головного мозга
- 1. 2. 2. Методики оценки ПЭТ изображений при церебральных опухолях. Основные проблемы интерпретации данных
- 1. 2. 3. Чувствительность и специфичность ПЭТ с пС-метионином в диагностике церебральных опухолей
- 1. 2. 4. Возможности ПЭТ с пС-метионином в уточнении границ опухоли
- 1. 2. 5. Возможности ПЭТ с пС-метионином в диагностике вида опухоли
- 1. 2. 6. Возможности ПЭТ с пС-метионином в уточнении степени злокачественности церебральных глиом
- 2. 1. Метод исследования
- 2. 1. 1. Принцип метода позитронно-эмиссионной томографии
- 2. 1. 2. Методика ПЭТ исследования
- 2. 2. Общая характеристика больных
- 2. 3. Методика анализа ПЭТ изображений
- 2. 4. Статистическая обработка результатов исследований
- 3. 1. Выбор радиофармпрепарата для ПЭТ диагностики астроцитарных опухолей
- 3. 1. 1. Нормальное изображение распределения концентрации ПС-метионина и 18Р-ФДГ в головном мозге
- 3. 1. 2. Сравнение диагностических возможностей F-ФДГи С-метионина в ПЭТ диагностике опухолей головного мозга
- 3. 2. Чувствительность и специфичность ПЭТ с пС-метионином в диагностике опухолей головного мозга
- 3. 3. ПЭТ диагностика астроцитарных опухолей с пС-метионином
- 3. 3. 1. Недостаточность индекса накопления пС-метионина как показателя отдельных видов глиом астроцитарного ряда
- 3. 3. 2. Выделение новых признаков глиом астроцитарного ряда
- 3. 3. 3. ПЭТ синдромы видов астроцитарных опухолей
Список литературы
- Земская А.Г., Лещинский Б. И. Опухоли головного мозга астроцитарного ряда.-Ленинград: Медицина, 1985.-213 с.
- Киселев М.Ю., Соловьев Д. В., Корсаков М. В. Роботизированный синтез 18Р.-2-фтор-2-дезокси-0-глюкозы // Радиохимия.-1992.-Т. 34.- N 2.-С.129−135.
- Коновалов А.Н., Корниенко В. Н., Пронин И. Н. Магнитно-резонансная томография в нейрохирургии.-М.: Видар, 1997.
- Корниенко В.Н., Пронин И.Н, Туркин А. М, и др. Контрастное усиление опухолей головного мозга при MP-томографии со сверхнизкой напряженностю магнитного поля. //Вопр. нейрохирургии.-1993.-N 4.-С. 13−16.
- Корсаков М.В., Красикова Р. Н., Соловьев Д. В. Роботизированный синтез L- 1 С-метил.-метионина//Радиохимия.-1994.-Т. 37.-N 3.-С.272−274.
- Коршунов А.Г., Сычева Р. В. Анализ взаимосвязей между пролиферативной активностью доброкачественных и анапластических астроцитом больших полушарий головного мозга и особенностями их гистоструктуры. //Вопр. нейрохирургии.-1997.-N 1.-С.30−34.
- Подопригора А.Е., Голанов А. В., Коршунов А. Г. и др. МРТ и спектральные признаки менингиом головного мозга. Сопоставление с клинико-рентгенологическими характеристиками. //Мат. III съезда нейрохирургов России.-С-Пб, 2002.-С.664.
- Подопригора А.Е., Пронин И. Н., Фадеева JI.M. и др. Протонная магнитно-резонансная спектроскопия в нейрорентгенологии //Медицинская визуализация.-2000.-К 4.-С.86−91.
- Ю.Пронин И. Н. КТ и МРТ диагностика супратенториальных астроцитом: Автореф. дис. д-ра мед.наук.-М., 1998.-25 с.
- П.Пронин И. Н., Фадеева JI.M., Голанов А. В. и др. Динамическая МРТ-перфузионная МРТ и перфузионные карты в дифференциальной диагностике объемных образований головного мозга. //Мат. III съезда нейрохирургов России.- С-Пб, 2002.-С.665.
- Рамешвили Т.Е., Труфанов Г. Е. Лучевая диагностика опухолей головного мозга (трудности и ошибки). //Мат. Невского радиологического форума «Из будущего в настоящее». -С-Пб, 2003.-С.60−61.
- Савченко А.Ю. Глиомы головного мозга.-ОмГПУ, 1997.-312 с.
- Смирнов Л.И. Гистогенез, гистология и топография опухолей головного мозга. М.: Медгиз, 1959.-617 с.
- Смирнов Л.И. Опухоли головного и спинного мозга. М.: Медгиз, 1962.187 с.
- Трофимова Т.Н. Лучевая диагностика очаговых поражений головного мозга: Автореф. дис. д-ра мед.наук.-С-Пб., 1998.-21 с.
- Труфанов Г. Е. Магнитно-резонансная и рентгеновская компьютерная томография в комплексной лучевой диагностике объемных патологических образований задней черепной ямки и основания черепа: Автореф. дис. д-ра мед.наук.-С-Пб., 1999.-42 с.
- Труфанов Г. Е., Рамешвили Т. Е., Парфенов В. Е. Современная лучевая диагностика опухолей головного мозга. //Мат. Невского радиологического форума «Из будущего в настоящее». -С-Пб, 2003.-С.72−73.
- Юрин А.Г., Ковальский Г. Б., Грантынь В. А. и др. Практическое использование иммуногистохимических методов в онкоморфологической диагностике: Пособие для врачей.-С-Пб.: ГПАБ, 2000.-Вып. 37.-48 с.
- Abe Y., Matsuzawa TY., Itoh M., et al. Regional coupling of blood flow and methionine uptake in an experimental tumor assessed with autoradiography. //Eur. J. Nucl. Med.-1988.-Vol. 14.-N. 7−8.-P.388−392.
- Alavi A., Dann R., Chawluk J. et al. Positron emission tomography imaging of regional cerebral glucose metabolism. //Semin. Nucl. Med.-1986.-Vol. 16.-N. 1.-P.2−34.
- Alavi J.B., Alavi A., Chawluk J. et al. Positron emission tomography in patients with glioma. A predictor of prognosis. //Cancer.-1988.-Vol. 62.-P. 1074−1078.
- Arnold D., Shoubridge E., Villemure J. et al. Proton and phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy of human astrocytomas in vivo. Preliminary observations on tumor grading. //NMR Biomed.-1990.-Vol. 3 .-P. 184−189.
- Aronen H.J., Gazit I.E., Louis D.N. Cerebral blood volume maps of gliomas: comparison with tumor grade and histologic findings. //Radiology.-1994.-Vol. 191.-P.41−51.
- Bagni В., Pinna L., Tamarozzi R. et al. SPET imaging of intracranial tumours with 99mTc-sestamibi. //Nucl. Med. Commun.-1995.-Vol. 16.-P.258−264.
- Bailey P., Cushing. H. Classification of the tumors of the glioma group on a histogenetic basis with a correlated study of prognosis.-Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1926.-95p.
- Baillet G., Albuquerque L., Chen Q. et al. Evaluation of single-photon emission tomography imaging of supratentorial brain gliomas with technetium -99m-sestamibi. //Eur. J. Nucl. Med.-1994.-Vol. 21.-P.1061−1066.
- Barker F.G. 2nd, Chang S.M., Valk P.E., et al. 18-Fluorodeoxyglucose uptake and survival of patients with suspected recurrent malignant glioma. //Cancer. -1997.-Vol. 79.-N 1.-P. 115−126.
- Benard F., Romsa J., Hustinx R. Imaging gliomas with positron emission tomography and single-photon emission computed tomography. //Semin. Nucl. Med.-2003 .-Vol. 33 .-N 2.-P. 148−62.
- Bendszus ML, Warmuth-Metz M., Klein R. et al. Spectroscopy in gliomatosis cerebri. //Am. J. Neuroradiology.-2000.-Vol. 21.-N. 2.-P.375−380.
- Bergstrom M., Ericson K., Hagenfeldt L. et al. PET study of methionine accumulation in glioma and normal brain tissue: competition with branched chain amino acids. //J. Сотр. Assist. Tomogr.-1987.-Vol. 11.-P.208−213.
- Biernat W. 2000 World Health Organization classification of tumors of the nervous system. //Pol. J. Pathol.-2000.-Vol. 51.-P. 107−114.
- Braun V., Dempf S., Weller R. et al. Cranial neuronavigation with direct integration of (11)C methionine positron emission tomography (PET) data -results of a pilot study in 32 surgical cases. //Acta. Neurochir. (Wien).-2002.-Vol.-144.-N 8.-P.777−782.
- Burger P., Heinz E., Shibata T. et al. Topographic anatomy and CT correlations in the untreated glioblastoma multiforme. //J. Neurosurg.-1988.-Vol. 68.-P.698−704.
- Burger P., Vogel F., Green S. et al. Glioblastoma multiforme and anaplastic astrocytoma: pathologic criteria and prognostic implications. //Cancer.-1985.-V. 56.-P.1106−1 111.
- Bustany P., Chatel M., Derlon J.M. et al. Brain tumor protein synthesis and histological grades: a study by positron emission tomography (PET) with CI 1-L-methionine. //J. Neurooncol.-1986.-Vol.-3.-P.397−404.
- Castillo M., Kwock L. Proton MR spectroscory of common brain tumors. //Neuroimag. Clin. North Am.-1998.-Vol. 4.-P.733−752.
- Chan A.S., Leung S.Y., Wong M.P. et al. Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and its receptors in the anaplastic progression of astrocytoma, oligodendroglioma and ependimoma. //Am. J. Surg. Pathol.-1998.-Vol. 22.-N 8.-P.816−826.
- Choi J.Y., Kim S.E., Shin H.J. et al. Brain tumor imaging with 99mTc1. QQ 1 Qtetrafosmin: comparison with 201-T1, Tc-MIBI and F-fluorodeoxyglucose. //J. Neuro-Oncol.-2000.-Vol. 46.-P.63−70.
- Christensen H.N. Role of amino acid transport in nutrition and metabolism. //Physiol. Rev.-1990.-Vol. 70.-P.43−77.
- Chung J-K., Kim Yu K., Kim S. et al. Usefulness of1-methionine PET in the• • • 18evaluation of brain lesions that are hypo- or isometabolic on F-FDG PET.
- Eur. J. Nucl. Med.-2002.-Vol. 29.-N 2.-P.176−182.
- Cipri S., Mannino R., Ruggieri R. et al. Clinical evaluation of tallium-201 single photon emission compuyed tomography in equivocal neuroradiological supratentorial lesions. //J. Neurosurg. Sci.-2001.-Vol. 45.-N 2.-P.75−82.
- Comar D, Cartron J.C., Maziere M., Marazano C. Labelling and metabolism of methionine-methyl-nC. //Eur. J. Nucl. Med.-1976.-Vol. 1 .-P. 11−14.
- Cook G.J.R., Maisey M.N., Fogelman I. Normal variants, artefacts and interpretative pitfalls in PET imaging with 18-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose and carbon-11 methionine. //Eur. J. Nucl. Med.-1999.-Vol. 26.-N 10.-P.1363−1378.
- Daly P.F., Cohen J.S. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy of tumors and potential in vivo clinical applications: a review. //Cancer Res.-1989.-Vol. 49.-P.770−779.
- De Witte O., Goldberg I., Wikler D. et al. Positron emission tomography with injection of methionine as a prognostic factor in glioma. //J. Neurosurg.-2001.-Vol. 95.-N 11.-P.746−750.
- De Witte O., Lefrane F., Levivier M. et al. FDG-PET as a prognostic factor in high-grade astrocytoma. //J. Neurooncol.-2000.-Vol. 49.-N 9.-P.157−163.
- De Witte O., Levivier M., Violon P. et al. Prognostic value positron emission tomography with 18 °F.-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose in the low-grade glioma. //J. Neurosurg.-1996.-Vol. 39.-N 3.-P.470−476.
- De Wolde H., Pruim J., Mastik MF. et al. Proliferative activity in human brain tumors: comparison of histopathology and L-l (l l) C. tyrosine PET. //J. Nucl. Med.-1997.-Vol. 38.-P.1369−1374.
- Delbeke D. Oncological applications of FDG PET imaging: brain tumors, colorectal cancer, lymphoma and melanoma //J. Nucl. Med.-1998.-Vol 40.-N 4.-P.591−603.
- Delbeke D., Meyerowits C., Lapidus R.L. et al. Optimal cutoff levels of F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose uptake in the differentiation of low-grade from high-grade brain tumors with PET. //Radiology.-1995.-Vol. 195.-P.47−52.
- Del Sole A., Falini A., Ravasi L. et al. Anatomical and biochemical investigation of primary brain tumours. //Eur. J. Nucl. Med.-2001.-Vol. 28.-N 12.-P.1851−1872.
- Derlon J.M., Chapon F., Noel M.H. et al. Non-invasive grading of oligodendrogliomas: correlation between in vivo metabolic pattern and histopathology. //Eur. J. Nucl. Med.-2000.=Vol. 27.-N 7.-P.778−787.
- Derlon J.M., Petit-Taboue M.C., Chapon F. et al. The in vivo metabolic pattern of low-grade brain gliomas: a positron emission tomographic study using 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose and llC-L-methylmethionine. //Neurosurgery.-1997.-Vol. 40.-N 2.-P.276−287.
- Dethy S., Goldman S., Blecic S. et al. Carbon-11-methionine and fluorine-18-FDG PET study in brain hematoma. //J. Nucl. Med.-1994.-Vol. 35.-P.1162−1166.
- Di Chiro D., Hatazava J., Katz D.A. et al. Glucose utilisation by intracranial meningiomas as index of tumor aggresivity and probability of reccurence. A PET study. //Radiology.-1987.-Vol. 164.-P.521−526.
- Di Chiro G., Brooks R.A. PET quantitation: blessing and curse. //J. Nucl. Med.-1988.-Vol. 29.-N 9.-P. 1603−1604.
- Di Chiro G., DeLaPaz R.L., Brooks R. et al. Glucose utilization of cerebral18 • • •gliomas measured by (F)fluorodeoxyglucose and positron emissiontomography //Neurology.-1982.-Vol. 32.-P. 1323−1329.
- Di Chiro G. Positron emission tomography using (18F) fluoro-deoxy-glucose in brain tumors. A powerful diagnostic and prognostic tool. //Invest. Radiology.-1987.-Vol. 22.-P.360−371.
- Dowling C., Bollen A.W., Noworolski S.M. et al. Preoperative proton MR spectroscopic imaging of brain tumors: correlation with histopathologic analysis of resection specimens. //Am. J. Neuroradiol.-2001.-Vol. 22.-N 4.-P. 604−612.
- Ericson K., Blomqvist G., Bergstrom M. et al. Application of a kinetic model on the methionine accumulation in intracranial tumours studied with positron emission tomography. //Acta. Radiologica.-1987.-Vol. 28.-P.505−509.
- Ericson K., Lijia A., Bergstrom M. et al. Positron emission tomography with «CKmethyO-L-methionine, [uC.D-glucose, and [68Ga]EDTA in the examination of supratentorial tumors. //J. Comput. Assist. Tomogr.-1985.-Vol. 9.-P.683−689.
- Etzl M.M.Jr, Kaplan A.M., Moss S.D. et al. Positron emission tomography in three children with pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma. //J. Child. Neurol.-2002.-Vol. 17.-N 7.-P.522−527.
- Fischman A.J., Thornton A.F., Frosch M.P. et al. FDG hypermetabolism associated with inflammatory necrotic changes following radiation of meningioma. //J. Nucl. Med.-1997.-Vol. 38.- P. 1027−1029.
- Francavilla T.L., Miletich R.S., Di Chiro G. et al. Positron emission tomography in the detection of malignant degeneration of low-grade gliomas. //J. Neurosurg.-1989.-Vol. 24.- N. 1.-P.1−5.
- Fulham M., Melisi J., Nishimiya J. et al. Neuroimaging of juvenile pilocytic astrocytomas: an enigma. //Radiology.-1993.-Vol. 189.-P.221−225.
- Gjedde A. Calculation of cerebral glucose phosphorylation from brain uptake of glucose analogs in vivo: a re-examination. //Brain Res. Rev.-1982.-Vol. 4.-P. 237−274.
- Goldman S., Levivier M., Pirotte B. et al. Regional glucose metabolism and histopathology of gliomas. A study based on positron emission tomography-guided stereotactic biopsy. //Cancer.-1996.-Vol. 78.-N 5.-P.1098−1106.
- Goldman S., Levivier M., Pirotte B. et al. Regional methionine and glucose uptake in high-grade gliomas: a comparative study on PET-guided stereotactic biopsy. //J. Nucl. Med.-1997.-Vol. 39.-N 9.-P.1459−1462.
- Gudjonsson O., Blomquist E., Lilja A., et al. Evaluation of the effect of high-energy proton irradiation treatment on meningiomas by means of 11C-L-methionine PET. //Eur. J. Nucl. Med.-2000.-Vol. 27.-N. 12.-P.1793−1799.
- Hatanaka T. Transport of sugars in tumor cell membranes. //Biochem. Biophys. Acta.- 1974,-Vol. 355.P.77−104.
- Hayashi Т., Kumabe Т., Jokura H. Inflammatory Demyelinating Disease Mimicking Malignant Glioma. //J. Nucl. Med.-2003.-Vol. 44.-N. 4.-P.565−569.
- Heiss W.D., Heindel W., Herholz K. Positron emission tomography of fluorine-18-deoxyglucose and image-guided phosphorus-31 magnetic resonance spectroscopy in brain tumors. //J. Nucl. Med.-1990.-Vol. 31.-N 3.-P. 302−310.
- Herholz K., Holzer Т., Bauer B. et al. 1 lC-methionine PET for differential diagnosis of low-grade gliomas. //Neurology.-1998.-Vol. 50.-N 5.-P.1316−1322.
- Herholz K., Rudolf J., Heiss W.D. FDG transport and phosphorylation in human glioma measured with dynamic PET. //J. Neuro-Oncol.-1992.-Vol. 12.-P.159−165.
- Holzer Т., Herholz K., Jeske J. et al. FDG-PET as a prognostic indicator in radiochemotherapy of glioblastoma. //J. Comput. Assist. Tomogr.-1993.-Vol. 17.-N 5.-P.681−687.
- Huang S.C., Phelps M.E., Hoffman E.J. et al. Noninvasive determination of local cerebral metabolic rate og glucose in man. //Am. J. Physiol.-I980.-Vol. 238.-P.E69-E68.
- Hubner K.F., Purvis J.T., Mahaley S.M. Jr. et al. Brain tumor imaging by computed tomography using nC-labeled amino acid. //J. Comput. Assist. Tomogr.-1982.-Vol. 6.-P.544−550.
- Jacobs A. Amino acid uptake in ischemically compromised brain tissue. //Stroke.-1995.-Vol. 26.-N 10.-P.1859−1866.
- Jager P.L., Vaalburg W., Prium J. et al. Radiolabeled amino acids: basic aspects and clinical applications in oncology. //J. Nucl. Med.-2001.-Vol. 42.-N 3.-P. 432−445.
- Jarden J.O. Pathophysiological aspects of malignant brain tumors studied with positron emission tomography. //Acta. Neurol. Scand.-1994.-Vol. 156(suppl).-P.l-35.
- Johnstone R.M., Scholefield P.G. Amino acid transport in tumor cells. //Adv. Cancer Res.-1965.-Vol. 9.-P.143−226.
- Kallen K., Heiling M., Andersson A-M. Preoperative grading of glioma malignancy with Thallium-201 single-photon emission CT: comparison with conventional CT. //Am. J. Neuroradiol.-1996.-Vol. 17.-N 5.-P.925−932.
- Kameyama M., Shirane R., Itoh J. et al. The accumulation of 1 lC-methionine in cerebral glioma patients studied with PET. //Acta. Neurochir. (Wien).- 1990.-Vol. 104.-N 1−2.-P.8−12.
- Kaplan A.M., Lawson M.A., Spataro J. Positron emission tomography using 18 °F. fluorodeoxyglucose and [11С] 1-methionine to metabolically characterize dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumors. //J. Child. Neurol.-1999.-Vol. 14.-N 10.-P.673−677.
- Karnohan J.W., Saire G.P. Tumours of the central nervous system. Fascicle 35, Atlas of tumor pathology.-Arm.Forces Inst, of pathology, Washigton, D.C., 1952.
- Kaschten В., Stevenaert A., Sadzot B. et al. Preoperative evaluation of 54 gliomas by PET with fluorine- 18-fluorodeoxyglucose and/or carbon-11-methionine. //J. Nucl. Med.-1998.-Vol. 39.-N 5.-P.778−785.
- Kim C.K., Alavi J.B., Alavi A. et al. New grading system of cerebral gliomas using positron emission tomography with F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose. //J. Neurooncol.-1991.-Vol. 10.-P.85−91.
- Kincaid P.K., Saden S.M., Park S.H. et al. Cerebral gangliogliomas: preoperative grading using FDG-PET and 201-T1-SPECT. //AJNR.-1998.-Vol. 19.-N 5.-P.801−806.
- Kleihues P., Burger P.C., Scheithauer B.W., The new WHO Classification of brain tumors. //Brain pathol.-1993.-Vol 3.-P.255−268.
- Kleihues P., Cavernee WK. (eds). Pathology and genetics of tumours of the nervous system.-IARC Press, 2000.-314 p.
- Kleihues P., Soylemezoglu F., Schauble B. et al. Histopathology, classification, and grading of gliomas. //Glia.-1995.-Vol. 15.-P.211−221.
- Kornblith P.L., Cummins C.J., Smith B.H. et al. Correlation of experimental and clinical studies metabolism by PET scanning. //Prog. exp. Tumor Res.-1984.-Vol. 27.-P.170−178.
- Kracht L.W., Bauer A., Herholz K. et al. Positron emission tomography in a case of intracranial hemangiopericytoma. //J. Comput. Assist. Tomogr.-1999.-Vol. 23.-N 3.-P.365−368.
- Kracht L.W., Friese M., Herholz K. et al. Methyl-11С.- 1-methionine uptake as measured by positron emission tomography correlates to microvessel density in patients with glioma. //Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging.-2003.-Vol. 30.-N 6.-P.868−873.
- Kubota K., Kubota R., Yamada S., Tada M. Effects of radiotherapy on the cellular uptake of carbon-14 labeled L-methionine in tumor tissue. //J. Nucl. Med. Biol.-1995.-Vol. 22.-N2.-P. 193−198.
- Kubota K., Tada M., Yamada S. et al. Comparison of the distribution of fluorine-18 fluoromisonidazole, deoxyglucose and methionine in tumour tissue. //Eur. J. Nucl. Med.-1999.-Vol. 26.-N 7.-P.750−757.
- Kubota К., Tada M., Yamada S. et al. Differential diagnosis of AH109A tumor and inflammation by radioscintigraphy with L-methyl-l lC.methionine. //Jpn. J. Cancer Res.-1989.-Vol. 80.-P.772−782.
- Kubota K., Yamada S., Kubota R., et al. Intramural distribution of fluorine-18-fluorodeoxyglucose in vivo: high accumulation in macrophages and granulation tissue studied by microautoradiography. //J. Nucl. Med.-1992.-Vol. 33.-P. 1972−1980.
- Kuwert Т., Morgenroth C., Woesler B. et al. Uptake of iodine -123-alpha-methyltyrosine by gliomas and non-neoplastic brain lesions. //Eur. J. Nucl. Med.-1996.-Vol.-23.-P. 1345−1353.
- Lam W.W., Chan K.W., Wong W.l. et al. Pre-operative grading of intracranial glioma. //Acta. Radiol.-2001.-Vol. 42.-N 6.-P.548−554.
- Landis S.H., Murray Т., Bolden S. et al. Cancer statictics. //CA Cancer. J. Clin.- 1999.-Vol. 49.-P.8−31.
- Langen K.J., Muhlensiepen H., Holschbach M. et al. Transport mechanism of 3−123I.iodo-alpha-methyl-L-tyrosine in human glioma cell line: comparison with [3H]methyl]-L-methionine. //J. Nucl. Med.-2000.-Vol. 41.-N-7.-P.1250−1255.
- Langen K.J., Ziemons K., Kiwit J.C. et al. 3−123I.iodo-alpha-methyl-L-tyrosine and [methyl-1-L-methionine uptake in cerebral gliomas: comparative study using SPECT and PET. //J. Nucl. Med.-1997.-Vol. 38.-P. 517−522.
- Lantos P.L., Vandenburg S.R., Kleihues P. Tumours of central nervoustilsystem. /In: Graham D., Lantos P., eds. Greenfield’s Neuropathology (6 ed.) New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1997.-P.583−593.
- Laverman P., Boerman O.C., Corstens F.H.M. et al. Fluorinated amino acids for tumour imaging with positron emission tomography. //Eur. J. Nucl. Med. 2002.-Vol. 29.-N 5.-P.681−690.
- Leon S.P., Folkerth R.D., Black P.M. et al. Microvessel density is a prognostic indicator for patients with astroglial brain tumors. //Cancer.-1996.-Vol. 77.-P. 362−372.
- Leskinen-Kallio S., Huovinen R., Nagren K. et al. !^methionine quantitation in cancer PET studies. //J. Сотр. Assist. Tomogr.-1992.-Vol. 16.-N 3.-P.468−474.
- Levine VA., Leibel S., Gutin P.H., Neoplasms of central nervous system. /In: DeVita V., Hellman S., Rosengerg SA (eds) Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology.- 4th edition, Lippincott, Philadelpia, 1993.-P. 1679−1737.
- Levivier M., Goldman S., Pirotte B. et al. Diagnostic yield of stereotactic brain biopsy guided by positron emission tomography with 18 °F.fluorodeoxyglucose. //J. Neurosurg.-1995.-Vol. 82.-P.445−452.
- Lilja A., Bergstrom K., Hartvig P. et al. Dynamic study of supratentorial gliomas with L-methyl-11-C-methionine and positron emission tomography (PET). //AJNR.-1985.-Vol. 6.-P.505−514.
- Ludemann L., Grieger W., Wurn R. et al. Comparison of dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI with WHO tumor grading for gliomas. //Eur. Radiol.-2001.-Vol. 11.-P.1231−1241.
- Majos C., Alonso J., C. Aguilera, M. Utility of proton MR spectroscopy in the diagnosis of radiologically atypical intracranial meningiomas. //Neuroradiology.-2003.-Vol. 45.-P. 129−136
- McCormack B.M., Miller D.C., Budzilovich G.N. Treatment and survival of low-grade astrocytomas in adult 1987−1988 //J. Neurosurg.-1982.-Vol. 31.-P.636−642.
- McCormick W.F., Rosenfield D.B. Massive brain hemorrage: a review of 144 cases and an examination of their causes. //Stroke.-1973.-Vol. 4.-P.946−954.
- Meyer G-J., Harre R., Orth F. et al. In vivo protein synthesis in human brain tumors measured with 1 lC-methionine. //Eur. J. Nucl. Med.-1989.-Vol. 15.-P.509−514.
- Meyer P.T., Schreckenberger M., Spetzger U. et al. Comparison of visual and ROI-based brain tumour grading using 18F-FDG PET: ROC analysis. //Eur. J. Nucl. Med.-2001.-Vol 28.- N 2.-P.165−174.
- Meyer P.T., Spetzger U., Mueller H.D. et al. High F-18 FDG uptake in a low-grade supratentorial ganglioma: a positron emission tomography case report. // Clin. Nucl. Med.-2000.-Vol. 25.-N 9.-P.694−697.
- Mies G. Measurement of in vivo glucose transport from blood to tissue of experimentally-induced glioma in rat brain. //J. NeuroOncol.-1992.-Vol. 12.-P.13−23.
- Mineura K., Sasajima Т., Kowada M. et al. Indications for differential diagnosis of nontumor central nervous system diseases from tumors. A positron emission tomography study. //J. Neuroimaging.-1997.-Vol. 7.-N 1.-P.8−15.
- Mineura K., Sasajima Т., Suda Y. et al. Amino acid study of cerebral gliomas using positron emission tomography—analysis of (llC-methyl)-L-methionine uptake index. //Neurol. Med. Chir. (Tokyo).-I990.-Vol. 30.-N 13.-P.997−1002.
- Mineura K., Shioya H., Kowada M. et al. Blood flow and metabolism of oligodendrogliomas: a positron emission tomography study with kinetic analysis of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose. //J. NeuroOncol.-1999.-Vol. 43.-P.49−57.
- Mineura К., Sasajima Т., Kowada M. et al. Early delineation of cerebral glioma using amino acid positron tracers. //Comput. Med. Imaging Graph.-1997.-Vol. 21.-P.63−66.
- Mineura K., Sasajima Т., Kowada M. et al. Perfusion and metabolism in predicting the survival of patients with cerebral gliomas. //Cancer.-1994.-Vol. 73.-N 9.-P.23 86−2394.
- Mineura K., Yasuda Т., Sasajima T. et al. Clinical significance of F-18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in brain tumors. //European Workshop onFDG in Oncology.-Heidelberg, Germany, 1990.-P.45−49.
- Mosskin M., Bergstrom M., Collins V.P. et al. Positron emission tomography with 1-methionine of intracranial tumours compared with histology of multiple biopsies. //Acta. Radiologica.-1986.-Suppl. 369.-P.157−160.
- MO.Mosskin M., Hoist H., Bergstrom M. et al. Positron emission tomography with nC-methionine and computed tomography of intracranial tumours compared with histopatholodical examination of multiple biopsies. //Acta. Radiologica.-1987.-Vol. 28.-P.673−681.
- Nagamachi S., Jinnouchi S., Nabeshima K. et al. The correlation between 99mTc-MIBI uptake and MIB-1 as a nuclear proliferation marker in glioma a comparative study with 201T1. //Neuroradiology.-2001.-Vol. 43.-N.12.-P.1023−1030.
- Narayanan Т.К., Said S., Mukherjee J. A Comparative study on the uptake and incorporation of radiolabeled methionine, choline and fluorodeoxyglucose in human astrocytoma. //Mol. Imaging Biol.-2002.-Vol. 4.-N 2.-P. 147−156.
- Nishikawa R., Cheng S., Nagashima R. et al. Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in human brain tumors. //Acta. Neuropathol. (Berl).-1998.- Vol. 96.-P.453−462.
- Nishioka Т., Oda Y., Seino Y. et al. Distribution of glucose transporters in human brain tumors. //Cancer Res.-1992.-Vol. 52.-P.3972−3979.
- Nuutinen J., Sonninen P., Lehikoinen P. et al. Radiotherapy treatment planning and long-term follow-up with (ll)C.methionine PET in patients with low-grade astrocytoma. Hint. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys.-2000.-Vol. 48.-P.43−52.
- Padma M.V., Said S., Jacobs M. et al. Prediction of pathology and survival by FDG PET in gliomas. //J. Neurooncol.-2003.-Vol. 64.-N 3.-P.227−237.
- Patlak C.S., Blasberg R.G., Fenstermacher J.D. Graphical evaluation of blood-to-brain transfer constants from multiple-time uptake data. //J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab.-1983.-Vol. 3.-P.1−7.
- Patronas N.J., Di Chiro G., Kufta C. et al. Prediction of survival in glioma patients by means positron emission tomography. //J. Neurosurg.-1985.-Vol. 62.-P.816−822.
- Phelps M.E., Huang S.C., Hoffman E.J. et al. Tomographic measurement of local cerebral glucose metabolic rate in humans with 18 °F.-2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose:validation of method. //Ann. Neurol.-1979.-Vol. 6.-P.371−388.
- Pirotte В., Goldman S., Salzberg S. Combined positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging for the planning of stereotactic brain biopsies in children: experience in 9 cases. //Pediatr. Neurosurg.-2003.-Vol. 38.-N 3.-P. 146−155.
- Planas A.M., Prenant C., Mazoyer B.M. Protein synthesis studies in rats with methionine. /In: Mazoyer B, Heiss WD, Comar D, eds. PET studies on amino acid metabolism and protein synthesis.-Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1993.-P. 53−68.
- Plate K.H., Breier G., Weich H.A. et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor is a potential tumour angiogenesis factor in human gliomas in vivo. //Nature.-1992.-Vol. 359.-P.845−848.
- Plate K.H., Risau W. Angiogenesis in malignant gliomas. //GLIA.-1995.-Vol. 15.-P.339−347.
- Reivich M., Kuhl M., Wolf D. The 18 °F.fluorodeoxyglucose method for the measurement of local cerebral glucose utilization in man. //Circ. Res.-1979.-Vol. 44.-P.127−137.
- Rhodes C.G., Wise R.J.S., Gibbs J.M. et al. In vivo disturbance of the oxydative metabolism of glucose in human cerebral gliomas. //Ann. Neurology.-1983 .-Vol. 14.-P.614−626.
- Ribom D., Ericsson A., Hartman M. et al. Positron emission tomography1 l) C-methionine and survival in patients with low-grade gliomas. //Cancer. -2001.-15 N 9.-P.1541−1549.
- Ricci P.E., Karis J.P., Heiserman J.E. et al. Differentiating recurrent tumor from radiation necrosis: time for re-evaluation of positron emission tomography? //Am. J. Neuroradiol.-1998.-Vol. 19.-P.407−413.
- Riemann В., Papke K., Hoess N. et al. Noninvasive grading of untreated gliomas: a comparative study of MR imaging and 3-(Iodine 123)-L-alpha-methyltyrosine SPECT. //Radiology.-2002.-Vol. 225.-N 2.-P.567−574.
- Roberts H.C., Roberts T.P., Brasch R.C. et al. Quantitative measurement of microvascular permeability in human brain tumors achieved using dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging: correlation with histologic grade. //AJNR.-2000.-Vol. 21.-N 5.-P.891−899.
- Roelcke U., Leenders K.L. PET in neuro-oncology. //J. Cancer. Res. Clin. Oncol.-2001.-Vol. 127.-P.2−8.
- Roelcke U., Radii E., Ametamey S. et al. Association of rubidium and C-methionine uptake in brain tumors measured by positron emission tomography. //J. Neurooncol.-1996.-Vol. 27.-N 2.-P.163−171.
- Russell D.S., Rubinstein L.S. Pathology of tumors of the nervous system.-Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1989.-470 p.
- Saier M.H. Jr., Daniels G.A., Boerner P. et al. Neutral amino acid transport systems in animal cells: potential targets of oncogene action and regulators of cellular growth. //J. Membr. Biol.-1988.-Vol. 104.-P.1−20.
- Sakamoto H., Nakai Y., Matsuda M. et al. Positron emission tomographic imaging of acoustic neuromas. //Acta. Otolaryngol. Suppl.-2000.-Vol. 542.-P. 18−21.
- Sant M., Van der Sanden., Cappoccia R. and the EUROCARE Working Group. Survival rates for primary malignant brain tumors in Europe. //Eur. J. Cancer.-1998.-Vol. 34.-P.2241 -2247.
- Sasaki M., Ichiya Y., Kuwabara Y. et al. Ringlike uptake of F-18. FDG in brain abscess a PET study. //J. Сотр. Assist. Tomogr.-1990.-Vol. 14.-P.486−487.
- Sasaki M., Kuwabara Y., Yoshida T. et al. A comparative study of thallium-201 SPET, carbon-11 methionine and fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose PET for the differentiation of astrocytic tumours. //Eur. J. Nucl. Med.-1998.-Vol. 25.-N 9.-P.1261−1269.
- Sato К., Kameyama M., Ishiwata K. et al. Dynamic study of methionine uptake in glioma using positron emission tomography. //Eur. J. Nucl. Med.-1992.-Vol. 19.-P.426−430.
- Sato N., Suzuki M., Kuwata N. et al. Evaluation of malignancy of glioma using 11 C-methionine positron emission tomography and proliferating cell nuclear antigen staining. //Neurosurg. Rev.-1999.-Vol. 22.-P.210−214.
- Schifter Т., Hoffman J.M., Hanson M.W. et al. Serial FDG-PET studies in the prediction of survival in patients with primary brain tumors. //J. Comput. Assist. Tomogr.-1993.-Vol. 17.-P.509−516.
- Schmidt D., Gottwald U., Langen K-J. et al. 3−123I.iodo-a-methyl-L-tyrosine uptake in cerebral gliomas: relationship to histological grading and prognosis. // Eur. J. Nucl. Med.-2001.-Vol. 28.-P.855−861.
- Shimuzi H., Kumabe Т., Tominaga Т. Noninvasive evaluation of malignancy of brain tumors with proton MR spectroscopy. //Am. J. Neuroradiol.-1996.-Vol. 17. N 4.-P.737−747.
- Shinoura N., Nishijima M., Нага T. et al. Brain tumors: detection with C-ll choline PET. //Radiology.-1997.-Vol. 202.-P.497−503.
- Simmons M.L., Frondoza C.G., Coyle J.T. Immunocytochemical localization of N-acetyl-aspartate with monoclonal antibodies. //Neuroscience.-1991.-Vol. 45.-P.37−45.
- Sokoloff L., Reivich M., Kennedy C. The 14C. deoxyglucose method for the measurement of local cerebral glucose utilization: theory, procedure, and normal values in the conscious and anesthetized albino rat. //J. Neurochem.- 1977.-Vol. 28.-P.897−916.
- Souba W.W., Picitti A.J. How amino acids get into cells: mechanisms, models, menus and mediators. //J. Parenter. Enteral. Nutr.-1992.-Vol. 16.-P.569−578.
- Spence A.M., Muzi M., Graham M.M. 2−18F.Fluoro-2-deoxyglucose and glucose uptake in malignant gliomas before and after radiotherapy. Correlation with outcome. //Clinical Cancer Research.-2002.-Vol. 8.-N. 4.-P.971−979.
- Stiller C.A., Parkin D.M. Geographic and ethnic variations in the incidence of childhood cancer. //Br. Med. Bul.-1996.-Vol. 52.-P.682−703.
- Strauss L.G., Conti P. S. The applications of PET in clinical oncology. //J. Nucl. Med.-1991.-Vol. 32.-P.623−648.
- Sudo A., Shiga Т., OkajimaM. et al. High uptake on 1-methionine positron emission tomographic scan of basal ganglia germinoma with cerebral hemiatrophy.//AJNR.-2003.-Vol. 24.-N 10.-P.1909−1911.
- Sunada I., Tsuyuguchi N., Нага M., Ochi H. 18F-FDG and llC-methionine PET in choroid plexus papilloma—report of three cases. //Radiat. Med.-2002.-Vol. 20.-N 2.-P.97−100.
- Surawicz T.S., McCarthy В J., Kupelian V. et al. Descriptive epidemiology of primary brain and CNS tumors: results from the Central Brain Tumor Registry of the United States, 1990−1994. //J. Neurooncol.-1999.-Vol. l.-N 1.-P.14−25.
- Thompson W.D., Stirk C.M., Melvin W.T. et al. Plasmin, fibrin degradation and angiogenesis. //Nat. Med. 1996.-Vol.-2.-P.493.
- Tovi M., Thuomas K.A., Bergstrom K. et al. Tumour delineation with magnetic resonance imaging in gliomas. A comparison with positron emission tomography and computed tomography. //Acta. Radiol. Suppl.-1986.-Vol. 369.-P.161−163.
- Tsuyuguchi N., Matsuoka Y., Sunada I. et al. Evaluation of pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma by use of positron emission tomography with 18-F.-fluorodeoxyglucose and [11С]-methionine tracers. //Am. J. Neuroradiol.-2001 .-Vol. 22.-N 2.-P.311 -313.
- Tsuyuguchi N., Sunada I., Ohata K. et al. Evaluation of treatment effects in brain abscess with positron emission tomography: comparison of fluorine-18-fluorodeoxyglucose and carbon-11-methionine. //Ann. Nucl. Med.-2003.-Vol.-17.-N 1.-P.47−51.
- Urenjak J., Williams S., Gadian D., et al. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy unambiguously identifies different neural cell types. //J. Neurosci.-1993 .-Vol. 13 .-P.981−989.
- Utriainen M., Metsahonkala L., Salmi T.T. et al. Metabolic characterization of childhood brain tumors: comparison of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose and 11C-methionine positron emission tomography. //Cancer.-2002.-Vol. 95.-N 6.-P. 1376−1386.
- Vaalburg W., Coenen H.H., Crouzel C. et al. Amino acids for the measurement of protein synthesis in vivo by PET. //Int. J. Rad. Appl. Instrum. B.-1992.-Vol. 19.-P.227−237.
- Warburg O. The metabolism of tumors. London: Constabel & Co., 1930.-P. 75−327.
- Weber W., Bartenstein P., Gross, et al. Fluorine- 18-FDG and iodine-123-IMT SPECT in the evaluation of brain tumors. //J. Nucl. Med.-1997.-Vol. 38.-P. 802−808.
- Weber W.A., Wester H.J., Grosu A.L. et al. 0-(2-18 °F.fluoroethyl)-L-tyrosine and L-[methyl-1 lC]methionine uptake in brain tumours: initial results of a comparative study. //Eur. J. Nucl. Med-2000.-Vol. 27.-N 5.-P.542−549.
- Weckesser M., Griessmeier M., Schmidt D. et al. Iodine-123 a-methyl tyrosine single-photon emission tomography of cerebral gliomas: standardised evaluation of tumor uptake and extent. //Eur. J. Nucl. Med.-1998.-Vol. 25.-P. 150−156.
- Weckesser M., Matheja P., Rickert C.H. et al. High uptake of L-3−123I.iodo-a-methyl tyrosine in pilocytic astrocytomas. //Eur. J. Nucl. Med. 2001.-Vol. 28.-N 3.-P.273−281.
- Wienhard K., Herholz K., Coenen H.H. et al. Increased amino acid transport into brain tumors measured by PET of L-(2−18F)fluorotyrosine. //J. Nucl. Med.-1991.-Vol. 32.-P.1338−1346.
- Woesler В., Kuwert Т., Morgenroth С. et al. Non-invasive grading of primary brain tumours: results of a comparative study between SPET with 1231-alpha-methyl tyrosine and PET with 18F-deoxyglucose. //Eur. J. Nucl. Med.-1997.-Vol. 24.-N 4.-P.428−434.
- Wong T.Z., Van der Westhuizen G.J., Coleman R.E. Positron emission tomography imaging of brain tumors. //Neuroimaging. Clin. N. Am.-2002.-Vol. 12.-N 4.-P.615−626.
- Yoshida H., Yoshikawa K., Imazeki K., et al. Correlation analysis between patlak plot and DAR using llC-methionine PET. //Abstract Nippon Igaku Hoshasen Gakkai Zasshi.-1995.-Vol. 55.-N 8.-P.582−586.
- Yoshitaka S., Kowada M., Shishido F., Uemura K. Early and accurate detection of primary cerebral glioma with interfibrillary growth using 11C-L-methionine positron emission tomography. //J. Med. Imaging.-1989.-Vol. 3.-P.192−193.