Изучение структурных и функциональных особенностей организации хроматина в ядрах сперматозоидов человека методом проточной цитометрии

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МАТЕРИАЛЫ И МЕТОДЫ2. 1. Проточные цитометры. Дальнейшая стабилизация структуры хроматина в ядрах спермиев. Ядерные протеазы мужских половых клеток. Изучение состояния хроматина ядер сперматозоидов с помощью техники проточной цитометрии. Оплодотворение. Реорганизация хроматина при образовании мужского пронуклеуса. Обнаружение и исследование эндогенной протеолитической активности в ядрах… Читать ещё >

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1. ОБЗОР ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ
- 1. 1. Динамические изменения структуры хроматина ядер сперматозоидов в процессе созревания и оплодотворения: сперматогенез — образование мужского пронуклеуса
  - 1. 1. 1. Сперматогенез
  - 1. 1. 2. Характеристика протаминов. Модели взаимодействий ДНК протамины
  - 1. 1. 3. Дальнейшая стабилизация структуры хроматина в ядрах спермиев
  - 1. 1. 4. Структурная организация суперкомпактного хроматина
  - 1. 1. 5. Структуры высших порядков организации хроматина и архитектура ядра сперматозоида
  - 1. 1. 6. Оплодотворение. Реорганизация хроматина при образовании мужского пронуклеуса
- 1. 2. Возмущающие воздействия в сперматогенезе: окислительный стресс и температурный дисбаланс
  - 1. 2. 1. Окислительный стресс
  - 1. 2. 2. Температурный дисбаланс
- 1. 3. Техника проточной цитофлуориметрии и её использование для изучения состояния хроматина
  - 1. 3. 1. Проточноцитометрические исследования упаковки хроматина
  - 1. 3. 2. Изучение состояния хроматина ядер сперматозоидов с помощью техники проточной цитометрии
- 1. 4. Ядерные протеазы и их роль в структурной организации хроматина
  - 1. 4. 1. Ядерные протеазы млекопитающих
  - 1. 4. 2. Ядерные протеазы мужских половых клеток
2. МАТЕРИАЛЫ И МЕТОДЫ
- 2. 1. Проточные цитометры
- 2. 2. Приготовление образцов для проточноцитометрического анализа
  - 2. 2. 1. Стандартная процедура окрашивания клеток бромистым этидием и обработка гепарином
  - 2. 2. 2. Обработка ядер сперматозоидов БН-содержащими реагентами и различными ингибиторами протеаз
- 2. 3. Процедура лечения бесплодия в программе ЭКО
- 2. 4. Процедура визуализации эндогенной ядерной протеазы спермиев человека
  - 2. 4. 1. Приготовление флуоресцентно меченого ингибитора трипсина соевых бобов
  - 2. 4. 2. Обработка сперматозоидов флуоресцентно меченым ингибитором трипсина соевых бобов
- 2. 5. Статистическая обработка результатов
3. РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ
- 3. 1. Проточноцитометрический метод оценки состояния хроматина ядер мужских половых клеток и результаты лечения бесплодия в программе ЭКО
  - 3. 1. 1. Разработка количественного метода регистрации плотности упаковки хроматина в ядрах сперматозоидов с помощью техники проточной цитометрии
  - 3. 1. 2. Проточноцитометрический критерий оценки состояния хроматина ядер сперматозоидов человека — тест на фертильность
  - 3. 1. 3. Модифицированная математическая модель обсчета и представления проточноцитометрических данных с использованием асимметрий распределения
  - 3. 1. 4. Оценка методом проточной цитометрии эффективности очистки сперматозоидов в программе ЭКО
  - 3. 1. 5. Влияние состояния хроматина сперматозоидов на динамику развития эмбрионов человека
- 3. 2. Обнаружение и исследование эндогенной протеолитической активности в ядрах сперматозоидов человека
  - 3. 2. 1. Проточноцитометрический анализ факторов, вызывающих декомпактизацию хроматина мужских половых клеток
  - 3. 2. 2. Демонстрация ядерной локализации исследуемой протеолитической активности сперматозоидов человека
4. ОБСУЖДЕНИЕ РЕЗУЛЬТАТОВ
- 4. 1. Влияние состояния хроматина сперматозоидов человека на результаты процедуры экстракорпорального оплодотворения
  - 4. 1. 1. Существующие методы оценки функционального состояния мужских половых клеток
  - 4. 1. 2. Основные причины аномальной организации хроматина ядер мужских половых клеток
  - 4. 1. 2. Доказательства взаимосвязи нарушений организации хроматина в ядрах сперматозоидов и мужского бесплодия
  - 4. 1. 3. Преимущества и недостатки разработанного нами способа диагностики мужского бесплодия
  - 4. 1. 4. Оптимизация процедуры оплодотворения в культуре на основании результатов проточноцитометрического анализа
  - 4. 1. 5. Участие отцовского генома в раннем эмбриональном развитии. Негативное влияние аномалий в структурной организации хроматина сперматозоидов на динамику этого процесса
- 4. 2. Возможное участие эндогенной протеолитической активности спермиев человека в реорганизации хроматина при формировании мужского пронуклеуса
ВЫВОДЫ

Изучение структурных и функциональных особенностей организации хроматина в ядрах сперматозоидов человека методом проточной цитометрии (реферат, курсовая, диплом, контрольная)

Одним из важнейших этапов подготовки мужских половых клеток к процессу оплодотворения является радикальная реорганизация структуры ядра в ходе сперматогенеза. Хроматин зрелых сперматозоидов человека отличается от хроматина других типов клеток не только по составу, но и по значительно более высокой степени компактизации: обычные гистоны почти на 85% замещаются специфическими основными белками протаминами, что приводит к практически полному отсутствию нуклеосомной организации ДНКкроме того, дополнительная стабилизация достигается за счет формирования дисульфидных мостиков между молекулами протаминов, в результате чего образуется исключительно плотная, почти кристаллическая структура (W. Ward and D. Coffey, 1991; J. Kramer and S. Krawetz, 1996). Такое конденсированное состояние хроматина на заключительных стадиях дифференцировки крайне важно для дальнейшего функционирования сперматозоида, с одной стороны, защищая мужской геном от вредных воздействий, с другой стороны, являясь необходимой предпосылкой обратной реорганизации при формировании мужского пронуклеуса. После слияния половых клеток происходит деконденсация плотноупакованного хроматина сперматозоидов, сопровождающаяся заменой протаминов гистонами. В результате генетический материал мужских гамет вновь приобретает характерную для соматических клеток нуклеОсомную организацию, что делает возможным его объединение в одном ядре с женским пронуклеусом и последующую адекватную экспрессию генетической информации (J. Newport, 1987; J. Kleinchmidt and H. Steinbeisser, 1991; G. Almouzni and A. Wolffe, 1993). Очевидно, что нарушение запрограммированной структурной перестройки хроматина сперматозоида может привести к образованию дефектного мужского пронуклеуса и негативно повлиять на ранние стадии эмбриогенеза.

К сожалению, механизмы, обуславливающие такую радикальную переупаковку хроматина, остаются во многом неясными. Поэтому разработка методов тестирования состояния организованного в хроматин генетического материала мужских половых клеток и исследование молекулярно-клеточных факторов, обеспечивающих эффективность процессов реорганизации хроматина в сперматогенезе и после слияния с яйцеклеткой представляют, несомненно, важную медико-биологическую проблему. В связи с развитием новых вспомогательных репродуктивных технологий эта проблема приобрела особую актуальность, поскольку все больше данных свидетельствует о взаимосвязи аномалий упаковки хроматина мужских половых клеток с их оплодотворяющим потенциалом (P. Bianchi et al., 1996; R. Golan et al., 1996; K. Hoshi et al., 1996; B. Sailer et al., 1996; J. Sun et al., 1997; S. Lopes et al., 1998; D. Sakkas et al., 1998; D. Evenson et al., 1994; 1998; D. Irvine et al., 2000; J. Erenpreiss et al., 2001). Кроме того, исследования в этом направлении могут быть полезны для понимания такого фундаментального биологического процесса, как процесс оплодотворения.

Целью настоящей работы является изучение с помощью техники проточной цитометрии структурно-функциональных особенностей организации хроматина ядер сперматозоидов человека и молекулярных механизмов, лежащих в основе коренной переупаковки генетического материала мужских половых клеток в различные периоды жизнедеятельности.

1. ОБЗОР ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ.

ВЫВОДЫ.

1. Разработан метод оценки состояния хроматина в ядрах сперматозоидов человека с помощью техники проточной цитофлуориметрии и на его основе сформулирован критерий, позволяющий классифицировать семенной материал в соответствии с его оплодотворяющей способностью. Данный подход может быть использован для диагностики мужской стерильности и в качестве прогностического теста для оптимизации программ по вспомогательной репродукции.

2. Частота оплодотворения в культуре и частота наступления беременности у пациентов с недостаточной степенью конденсации хроматина ядер сперматозоидов существенно снижены.

3. Аномалии упаковки хроматина в ядрах мужских половых клеток негативно влияют на ранние стадии развития эмбрионов человека, приводя к замедлению темпов дробления в культуре.

4. В ядрах зрелых сперматозоидов человека существует эндогенная протеолитическая активность. Определены условия ее активации и высказана гипотеза о возможной роли данной протеазы в процессе радикальной реорганизации хроматина мужских половых клеток после слияния с яйцеклеткой.

5. Области преимущественной локализации исследуемой протеазны/протеаз в ядрах сперматозоидов человека продемонстрированы с помощью флуоресцентно меченого ингибитора протеаз.

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