Оценка эффективности малых доз гидрокортизона в лечении септического шока
Диссертация
Применение кортикостероидов при сепсисе имеет серьезное патофизиологическое и фармакодинамнческос обоснование. Относительная надпочечннко-ыая недостаточность яапяется нередким явлением у больных с рефрактерным СШ, достигая частоты 50 — 75% (17, 18, 38). Существует ряд доказательств того, что при сепсисе появляется резистентность периферических тканей к корта ко-стероидам (18, 37, 97). У больных… Читать ещё >
Содержание
- ВВЕДЕНИЕ."
- ГЛАВА I. Применение малых доз I ндрокортизона в лечении септического шока — состояние проблемы и нерешенные вопросы обзор литературы)-. I. Сепсис — состояние проблемы.,&bdquo-«««««
- 1. 2. «Ренессанс» кортикостсроидиой терапии сепсиса.,
- I. 3. Физиологические эффекты глюкокортикоидов.&bdquo
- 1. 4. Относительная адреналовал недостаточность при сепснсс
- 1. 5. Резюме.""*&diams-**.*
- ГЛАВА 2. Характеристика клинических наблюдений и методов исследования
- 2. 1. Характеристика клинических наблюдений,
- 2. 2. Программа н методы исследования
- ГЛАВА 3. Функциональное состояние коры надпочечников и реакция на проведение кортикотропинового теста у больных с септическим шоком.&bdquo-&bdquo
- 3. 1. Введение.---—-------------------&bdquo---------^&bdquo
- 3. 2. Результаты исследований и их обсуждение.,
- 3. 3. Реноме&bdquo
- ГЛАВА 4. Эффективность применения малых лоз гидрокортизона в леченнн септического шока
- 4. Введение.&bdquo-««&bdquo-».,.»».&bdquo-&bdquo-"&bdquo-,
- 4. 2. Результаты исследований н их обсуждение—»»
- 4. 3. Резюме.ВО
- 4. Введение.&bdquo-««&bdquo-».,.»».&bdquo-&bdquo-"&bdquo-,
Список литературы
- Гсльфанд Б.Р., Бурневич С. З., Брюхов А. Н., Бражник Т. Б. Селективная де-контаминацня желудочно-кишечного тракта в интенсивной терапии у больных хирургического профиля // Хирургия (Consilium modicum), 2002.1. I-C.J4-H.
- Кассиль В J1., Выжиги на М.А., Лескнн ПС Искусственная и вспомогательная вентиляция легких. / Медицина. 2004, — с. 480,
- Мороз В, В,. Лукач BJ L, Шифман Е. М, и др. Сепсис. Клииико патофизиологические аспекты интенсивной терапии. — Петрозаводск. — 2004. — 4 с.
- Руководство rio хирургическим инфекциям / Под ред. И. А. Ерюхина, Б. Р. Гсдьфанда, С, А, Шляпников. Спб.: «Питер», 2003. — 285 с.
- Савельев B.C. 50 лекций по хирургии. Media Medica., 2003, С.317−320.
- Савельев B.C., Гедьфаид Б. Р. Инфекция в абдоминальной хирургии: настоящее и будущее проблемы // Вестник хирургии. (990. № 6 — С. 3 — 7
- Савельев B.C., Гологорский В. Л., Гельфанд Б.Р, Гемодинамика и транспорт кислорода при септическом шоке//Сов, медицина. 1982, 12-С, 46−51,
- Angus D.C., Unde-Zwirblc W.T., Lidicker J. el al. Epidimiology of sever sepsis in the undated states: analysis of incidence, outcome and associated costs of care.// Crit. Care Med. 2001.- Vol. 29. — p.1303−1310.
- Annane D. Time for a consensus definition of corticosteroid insufficiency in critically ill patients, Cril. Care Med., 2003, v. 31, p. 1868−1869.
- Annane D., Bellissant E., Bollaer P.E. el al. Corticosteroids for treating severe sepsis and septic shock. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., 2004- I: CD002234,
- Annane D, Bellissant E" Sebille V, Impaired pressor sensitivity to noradrenaline in septic shock patient with and without impaired adrenal function reserve. Br. J, Clin. Phamacol., 1998, v.46, p.589−597.
- Annane D., Sebille V, Charpentier C. el al. Effect of treatment with low doses of hydrocortisone and fludrocortisone on mortality in patients with septic shock, -JAMA, 2002, v.288, p.862−871.
- Annane D., Sebille V., Troche G, et al, A 3-leveI prognostic classification in septic shock based on Cortisol levels and Cortisol response to corticotropin. -JAMA, 2000, v.283,p 1038−1045.
- Aril W., Allolio B. Adrenal insufficiency, Lancet, 2003, v, 361, pЛ 881−1893.
- Auphan N., Didanato J.P., Rosette C- et al. Immunosuppression by glucocorticoids: inhibition of NF-kB activity through induction of IkB syntesis. -Science, 1995, v.270, p, 286−290.
- Balk R.A. Steroids and multiple system organ failure: case against steroid use. Multiple system organ failure. Mosby Yearbook. SL Louis, M.O., 1992, p.352−356.
- Balk R. A, Steroids for septic shock. Back from the dead7 Chest, 2003, v. 123, p.490S — 499S.
- Barnes PJ" Adeock L Anti-inflammatory action of steroids: molecular mechanisms, Trends Pharmacol, Sci, 1993, v, I4, p.436−441.
- Beishuizen A., Thijs L. S, Vermes L Patterns of corticosieroid-binding globulin and free Cortisol index during septic shock and multitrauma. Inten. Care Med. 2001, v, 27, p. 1584-?591.
- Beishuizen A. Vermes L, Hylkema B. S, ct al, Relative eosinophils and functional adrenal insufficiency in critically ill patients. Lancet, 1999, v. 353, p. 1675−1676,
- Bennet I.L., Finland J" Hamburger M. et al, The effectiveness of hydrocortisone in the management of severe infections: a double-blind study. JAMA., 1963, v. J 83, p.462−465.
- Bernard G, R" Luce J.M., Sprong C, L, et al. High-dose corticosteroids in patients with the adult respiratory distress syndrome. N. Engl. J. Med. 1987, v.317tp. 565−1570.
- Besedovsky H.O., Rey A. Immuno-ncuro-endocrin interaction: facts and hypotheses. Endocr, Rev, 1996, v. 17, p.64−102.
- Blaisdell F. W- Controversy in shock research. The role of steroids in scptic shock, Crit. Shock., 1981, v. S, p.673−682,
- Bollaert P., Fieux F, Charpentier C. et al. Baseline Cortisol levels, Cortisolresponse io corticotropin and prognosis in late scplic shock. Shock, 2003, v.19, p.13−15.
- Bollaert P.E., Chapentier C., Levy B. et al. Reversal of late septic shock withsupraphysioiogic doses of hydrocortisone- Crit, Care Med, 1998, v, 26, p.645−650.
- Bone R.C. The sepsis syndrome, Definition and general approach to management.- Clin. Chest Med., 1996, v.17. p. l 75−181.
- Bone R. C, Fisher C.J., Clemmer T, P, ct at. A controlled clinical trial of high-dosemethy ?prednisolone in the treatment of severe sepsis and scptic shock. N. Engl. J, Med,. 1987, v.317.p.653−65S.
- Bone R.C., Fisher CJ., Clemmet T. P, et al. Early methylprednisolone treatmentfor sepsis syndrome and the adult respiratory distress syndrome, Chest, 198?, v.92, p.1032−1036.
- Bone R.C., Balk R.A., Cerra F, B. Definition for sepsis and organ failure andguidelines for the use of innovative therapies in sepsis: the ACCP/SCCM consensus conference committee. Chest, 1992, v. 101, p. 1644−1655.
- Bouachour G., Tirot P., Gouello J. P-, ei al. Adrenocortical function during septicshock. Intensive Care Med., 1995, v. 21, p.57−62.
- Bricgcl J., Jochum M" Gippner-Steppert C, et al, Immunomodulation in septicshock: Hydrocortisone differentially regulates cytokine responses. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol, 2001, v, 12 (Suppl 17): S70-S74.
- Briegel J, Forst H., Malier M. et al, Sress doses of hydrocortisone reversehyperdynamic septic shock: a prospective, randomized, double-blind, singlecenter study, Crit. Care Med., (999, v.27, p, 723−732,
- Briegel J., Forst H., Hellinger H, et al. Contribution of Cortisol deficiency toseptic shock. Lancet, 1991, v.338, p. 507−508.
- Brigman K, L" Bowers R.E., Mckeen C, R, Methylprednisolone prevention ofincreased lung vascular permeability following endotoxemia in sheep. J. Clin, Invest., 1981, v.67, p. 1103−1110.
- Carlet J. From mega to more reasonable doses of corticosteroids: a decade torecreate hope, Crit. Care Med., 1999, v.27, p.672−674.
- ChawEa K. t Kupfer Y" Goldman 1. et al. Hydrocortisone reverses refractory septicshock. Abstr. Crit. Care Med., 1999, v.27: A33.
- Chrousos G-P. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and immune-mediatedinflammation.-N, Engl. J. Med, 1995, v.332,p.l35M362.
- Collins S. t Caron M.G. Lefltowitz R J. ?-Adrenergic receptors in hamster smoothmuscle cells are transcriptional Iv regulated by glucocorticoids. J. Biol. Chem. 198®, v.263, p, 9G67−9070,
- Cooper M.S., Stewart P.M. Corticosteroid insufficiency in acutely ill patients. N.
- Engt. J. Med., 2003, v.348, p, 727−734.
- Cronin L. Cook D.J., Cartel J., et al. Corticosteroid treatment for sepsis: a criticalappraisal and meta-analysis of the literature. Crit. Care Med., 1995, v.23, p. 1430−1439.
- Crowley S., Hindmarsh P.C., Holownta P. ct al. The use oflow doses of ACTH inthe investigation of adrenal function in man, J, Endocrinol, 1991, v. 130, p.475−479.
- Demling R.H., Smit M-, Gunther R. et al. Endotoxin-irvduced lung injury inunancsthetized sheep: effect of methylpicdnisolonc, -Crit, Shock, 1981, v, 8, p.351−360.
- Dickstein G. The assessment of the hypo- thalamo-pituitary-adrcnal axis inpituitary disease. Are there short cuts? J. Endocrin. Invevest., 2003, v. 26, p.25−30,
- Dickstcin G. Shcchncr C, Nicholson W.E. el al. Adrenocorticotropin stimulationtest- effect of basal Cortisol level, time of day and suggested new sensitive low dose test, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 1999, v.72, p.773−778,
- Dorin R.I., Quails C. R-. Crapo L.M. Diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency. Ann.1.tern. Med., 2003, v. 39, p. 194−204.
- Drucker D., Mclaughlin J. Adrenocortical dysfunction in acute medical ilHness,
- CriL Care Med., 1986, v, 14, p, 789−791.
- Fahey J.V., Guyre P. M, Mechanisms of anti-inflammatory action of glucocorticoids, Adv, tnflamm. Res, 1981, v.2tp, 21−51.
- Finlay W.E., Mekee J. Serum Cortisol levels in severely stressed patients, 1. ncet, 1982, p.1414−1415.
- Fourrier F., Bricard H" Cohen Y, Corticotherapie au cours du choc septique et dusynfrome de detresse respiratoire de l’adulte. Reanim. Urg, 2000. v. 9, p.597−603.
- Gagnon S.(Boota A.M., Fischl M.A. Corticosteroids as adjunctive therapy forsevere Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia AIDS: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. N. Engl. J. Med., 1990, v.323, p. 1444−1450.
- Gaillard R.C., TumiII D., Sappino P, et at. Tumor necrosis factor alpha inhibitsthe hormonal response of the pituitary gland to hypothalamic releasing factors. Endocrinology, 1990, v. l27,p.i0M06.
- Gump F.E. Whole body metabolism, Handbook of shock and trauma, Eds. A.M.1.fer, W. L Shumen. New York, 1983.
- Hamrahian A.H., Oscni T.S., Arafah B. M, Measurements of scrum free Cortisol incritically ill patients. N. Engl. J. Med. 2004, v, 350, p.1629−1638.
- Hirtshaw L.B., Archer L. T" Betler-Todd B, K. et al. Survival of primates in1100 septic shock following steroid’antibimic therapy. J. Surg. Res., 1980, v. 28, p. 151−170.
- Hinshaw L.B., Archer L.T., Beller-Todd B.K. et al. Survival of primates in lelalseptic shock following delayed treatment with steroid. Cine. Shock. 1981, v.8, p.291−300.
- Hinshaw L, B" Seller B.K., Chang A.C. el at. Corticosteroid treatment of adrenaleetomi-zed dogs challenmnged with lethal E. colL Ctrc. Shock, 1985, v, 16, p.265−277.
- Hollenbach S.J., DcGuman L.R., Bellamy R.F. Early administration of methyl prednisolone promotes survivait rats with intra-abdominal sepsis. Circ, Shock, I986.v.20,p, l6l-I68.
- Jantz M, A" Sahn S.A. Corticosteroids in acute respiratory failure. Crit. Care
- Med., 1999, v. 160, p. 1079−1100,
- Jumey T.N., Cockrell J.L. et al. Spectrum of serum Cortisol response to ACTH in
- U patients: correlation with degree of illness and mortality. Chest, 1992, p.292−295.
- Jumey T.N., Cockrell J, L., Lindherg J.S. Spectrum of scrum Cortisol response to
- ACTG in ICU patients. Correlation with degree of illness and mortality. Chest, 1987, v.92, p.292−295.
- Kass E.H. High-dose corticosteroids for septic shock. -N. Engl- J. Med. 1984, vjll. pl 178−1179.
- Kch D. Boehnke T" Weber-Carstens S. et al. Immunologic and hemodynamiceffects of «low-dose» hydrocortisone in septic shock: a double-blind, randomized, placebo controlled, crossover study. Am, J, Respir, Crit. Care Med., 2003, v. 167, p.512−520.
- Kch D. Charles L., Sprung J.D. et al. Use of corticosteroid therapy in patient withsepsis and septic shock: an evidence-based review, Crit. Care Med., 2004, v, 32 (Suppl.), S 527-S 533.
- Keri G., Parameswaran V., Trunkey D. et al. Effects of septic shock plasma onadrenocortical cell function. Life Sei. 1981, v.28, p. 1917−1923,
- Kilger E. Weis F., Briegel J. et al. Stress doses of hydrocortisone reduce severesystemic inflammatory response syndrome and improve early outcome in a risk group of patients after cardiac surgery, Crit, Care Med, 2003, v.31, p. 10 681 074.
- Knighton J.D., Woodock T.E.T Hough M. Adrenal failure in the critically ill. Br.
- J. Anaesth., 1999, v.82.p.l52−153.
- Koo DJ. r Jackman D" Chaudry I.H. et al. Adrenal insufficiency during the latestage of polymicrobial sepsis. Crit- Care Med-, 2001, v.29, p, 6l 8−622.
- Kruse J.A., Carlson R. W, Lactate metabolism. CrtL Can- Clin., 1987, v3, p, 725−746.
- Kruse J.A., Zaidi A. J" Carlson R. W, Significance of blood lactate levels incritically ill patients with liver disease. Am. J. Med. 1987, v.83, p.77−82.
- Lefering R., Ncugebauer E.A. Steroid controversy in sepsis and septic shock- ametaanalysis. -Crit- Care Mcd" 1995, v.23. p. 1294−1303.
- Long W.M.T Pons G.M., Sprung C.L. Metabolic and hormonal resposes to injury sepsis in the critically ill. In: Endocrine Aspects of Acute, Illness. Eds, G.W. Geethoed, B. Chernow. Churchill Livinystone, N. Y. ect. 1985, p. 1−26.
- Luce J.M., Montgomery A.B., Marks J.D. et al. Ineffectiveness of high-dosemethylprednisoloiie in preventing parenchymal lung injury and improving mortally in patients with septic shock. Am. Rev, Respir. Dis., 1988, v.138, p.62−68,
- Mangtik S., Flores E., Lubarsky L. et al. Glucocorticoid insufficiency in patientswho present to the hospital with severe sepsis: A prospective clinical trial. Crit. Care Med., 2003, v. 31, p. 1668−1675.
- Marie P.E., Zaloga G.P. Adrenal insufficiency in the critically ill: a new look atan old problem- Chest, 2002, v. l 22. p.1784−17%.
- Marie P.E., Zaloga G.P. Adrenal insufficiency during septic shock. Crit Care
- Med., 2003, v J K p. 141 -145.
- Matot I, Spring CX. Corticosteroids in septic shock: resurrection of the last rites?- Crit. Care Med., 1998, v.26, p, 627−629.
- Matsumura M., Kalishita H, Suzuki M. et al. Dexamethasone suppresses NOgene expression by inhibiting NF-kB in vascular smooth muscle «Iis. Life Sei., 2001, v.69, p. 1067−1077.
- Mitthay M.A. Conference summary: acute tung injury Chest, 1999, y. l 16, 1. Suppl.: SI I9-S126.
- Maycnknecht J., Diederich S., Bahr V. et al. Comparison of low and high dosecorticotrophm stimulation test in patients with pituitary' disease. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 1998, v.83, p. 1558−1562.
- Mckec J, Finlay W.E. Cortisol replacement in severely stressed patients.1.ncet I, 1983, p.484,
- Meduri G.U. Levels of evidence few the pharmacologic effectiveness of prolongedmethylprednisolone treatment in unresolving ARDS. Chest, 1999, v. l 16 (Suppl. 1), p. l 16−118.
- Meduri G.U., Chinn AJ» Leeper K.V. et at. Corticosteroid rescue treatment ofprogressive fibroproliferation in late ARDS: patterns of response and predictor of outcome, Chest* 1994, v.105, p. 1516−1527.
- Meduri G.U., Head Icy A, S" Golden E. el al. Effect of prolonged methylprednisolone therapy in unresolving ARDS: randomized controlled trial. -JAMA, 1998. v.280, p.159−165.
- Meduri G.U., Kanangat S-, Bronze M. el al. Effects of methylprednisolone onintracellular bacterial growth. Clin, Diagn, Lab. Immunol, 2001, v, 8, p. l 1 561 163.
- Meduri G.U., To! ley E.A., Chrousos G. P, et al, Prolonged methylprednisolonetreatment suppresses systemic inflammation in patients with unresolving acute respiratory distress syndrome. Crit. Can- Med., 2002, v. 165, p.983−991.
- Meduri G.U., Kanangat S. Glucocorticoid treatment of sepsis and acut respiratorydistress syndrome- time for a critical reappraisal. CrtL Care Med., 1998, v.26, p.63 0−633.
- Molijn G.J., Spek J J. et al. Differencial adaptation of glucocorticoid sensitivity ofpcrpheral blood mononuclear leukocytes in patients with sepsis or septic shock, -J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 1995, v.80, p. 1799−1803.
- Montaner J. S, Lawson L.M., Levitt N. et al. Corticosteroids prevent early deterioration in patient with moderately severe Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Ann, Intern. Med., 1990, v, ll3. pA4−20,
- Moran J.L., Chapman M.J. Fathanaigh M.S. et at. Hypocortisolaemia and adrenocortical responsiveness at onset of septic shock. Intensive Care Med., 1994, v, 20, p.489−495.
- Mostafa S.M., Masterson G" Diver MJ, Adrenocortical function and steroid therapy in critical illness, Br, J. Anaesth., 1999, v.82, p.476−478.
- Munck A" Naray-Fejes A. Glucocorticoids and stress: permissive and suppressive actions. Ann. NY Acad, Sci. T 1994, v, 746, p. l 15−130,
- Oelkefs W. Adrenal insufficiency, N, Engl, J, Med, 1996, v, 335, p, 1206−1212.
- Oelkers W" Dicderich S., Bahr V. Diagnosis and therapy surveillance in Addisons disease- rapid adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) test and measurement of plasma ACTH, renin activity and aldosterone, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 1992, v.75, p.259−264,
- Oppert M, Reinicke A, Graf K. J, et al. Plasma Cortisol levels before and during low-dose" hydrocortisone therapy and their relationship to hemodinamic improvement in patients with septic shock. Intensive Care Med., 2000, v.26, p. 1747−1755.
- Oppert M., Sehindler R, Husurtg C. et al. Low-dose hydrocortisone improves shock reversal and reduced cytokine level in early hyperdinamic sepsis shock. -CriL Care Med, 2005, v, 33, p.2457−2464.
- Orlowski J., Lingrel J-8. Thyroid and glucocorticoid hormones regulate the expression of multiple Na, K- ATFase genes in cultured neonatal rat cardiac myocytes. J. Biol. Chem. 1990, v.265, p.3462−3470.
- Pcrrot D., Bonneton A., Dechaud H. et al Hypcrcortisolism in septic shock is not suppressive by dexamediasone infusion, Crit. Care Med., 1993, v. 21, p.396−401.
- Pilkis S.J., Granner D.K. Molecular physiology of the regulation of hepatic gluconeogenesis and glycolysis. Annu. Rev. Physiol., 1992, v.54, p.885−909.
- Putierman C. Corticosteroids in sepsis and septic shock: has the jury reached a vcardict? Isr. J. Med. Sci. 1989, v.25, p, 3 32−33®,
- Rackow E, S., AstLz M.E. Weil M, H. Cellular oxygen metabolism during sepsis and shock. JAMA, 1988, v.259, p. 1989−1999.
- Rao P. S., Cavanagh D, Endotoxin shock in the subhuman primate. Some effects of methy? prednisolone administration. Arch, Surg., 1971, v.102, p.486−492.
- Rasmuson S., Ols&on T-, Hagg E, A low dose ACTH test to assess the function of the hypoihaJamic-pituitary-adrena! axis. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf,), 1996, v, 44, p.151−156.
- Reincke M., Allolio B., Wurth G. et al. The hypolhatamic-piiuitary-adrenal axis in critical illness- response to dexamcthasonc and corticotrophin-realising hormone. -J, Clin. Endocrinol. Metab,. 1993, v, 77, p, 151−156.
- Rhind S.M., Reid H.W., McMillen SJL Effects of pulsed or continuous infusion of Cortisol on immune function in sheep. Domcst. Anium. Endocrinol-, 1999. v. 16, p. 19,
- Rivers E.P., Nguyen B., Havstad S, et al. Early goal-directed therapy in the treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock. N. Engl. J, Mcd" 2001, v.34 5, p, l36®-1377.
- Rivers E.P., Gaspari M" Saad G.A.t et al. Adrenal insufficiency in high-risk surgical ICU patients, Chest, 2001, v. 119, p. S89−896.
- Rolih C.A., Ober K, P, The endocrine response to critical illness. Med. Clin. North. Am., 1995, v.79, p.211−224.
- Rothwell P.M., Udwadia Z.F., Lawlev P.G. Cortisol response to corticotrophin and survival in septic shock. Lancet, 1991, v, 337, p.582−583,
- Rydvall A., Brandstrom A.K., Banga R. et al. Plasma Cortisol is often decreased in patients treated in an intensive care unit. Intensive Care Med., 2000, v, 26f p.545−551.
- Sakaue M., Hoffman B.B. Glucocorticoids induce transcription and expression of the a-1 adrenergic receptor gene in DPT I MF-2 smooth muscle cells. J. Clin, Invest., 199t, v.88, p. 385−389.
- Sapolsky R. M" Romero L.M., Munck A.U. How do glucocorticoids influence stress responses? Integrating permissive, suppressive, stimulatory and preparative actions, Endocr. Rev., 2000, v.21, p.55−89.
- Schein R, M, Sprung C.L., Marcial E. Plasma Cortisol levels in patients with septic shock. -Crit Care Med, 1990, v, l8, p.259−263.
- Schelling G. T Briegcl J, Roozendal B. et al. The effect of stress doses of hydrocortisone during septic shock on posttraumatic stress disorder in survivors. Biol. Psychiatry, 2001, v.50, p.978−985.
- Schumer W. Steroids in the treatment of clinical septic shock, Ann. Surg, 1976, v.184, p, 333−341.
- Schumer W. Controversy in shock research. Pro: the role of steroids in septic shock. Cire, Shock. 1981, v.8, p.667−671.
- Shatney C.H. Steroids and multiple system organ failure: case for steroid use. Multiple System Organ Failure. Mosby Yearbook. St. Louis, M.O., 1992, p.345−352.
- Sheagren J, N. Septic shock and corticosteroids. N. Engl. J. Med., 1981, v.305, p.456−458.
- Sibbald WJ., Short A, Cohen M.P. el al. Variation in adrenocortical responsiveness during severe bacterial infections: unrecognized adrenocortical insufficiency in severe bacterial infections. Ann. Surg., 1977, v. 186, p.29−33.
- Siraux v., De Backer D., Melot C, el al. High vs. Low dose ACTH stimulation tests to assess adrenal function in patient with septic shock. Abstr. Intensive Care Med., 2002, v.28 {Suppl I): S75,
- Siraux V" De Backer D., Yalavatti G. et al. Relative adrenal insufficiency in patients wiih septic shock: comparison of low-dose and conventional corticotropin tests. Crit. Care Med, 2005, v. 33, p.2479−2486.
- Slutsky A. S" Drazen J.M. Ventilation with small tidal volumes. N. Engl, J. Med, 2002, v.347, p.630−631.
- Soni A., Pepper G.M., Wyrwinski P.M. et al. Adrenal insufficiency occurring during septic shock: incidence, outcome and relationship lo peripheral cytokine levels. Am. J. Med., 1995, v.98, p, 266−271.
- Span L.F., Kermus A, R" Bartelink A.K. Adrenocortical function: an indicator of severity of disease and survival in critically ill patients. Intensive Care Med., 1992, v. 18, p.93−96.
- Sprung C.L., Caralis P. V" Marcial E.N. et al. The effects of high-dose corticosteroids in patients with sepsis shock: a prospective, controlled study. -N. Engl. J. Med., 1984, v, 311, p. l 137−1143.
- Szabo C., Thiemermann C., Wu C, C. et al. Attenuation of the induction of nitric oxide synthase by endogenous glucocorticoids account for endotoxin tolerance in vivo, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1994, v, 9l, p, 27l-275.
- The Veterans Administration Systemic Sepsis Cooperative Study Group, Effect of high-dose glucocorticoid therapy on mortality in patients with clinical sings of systemic sepsis. N. Engl. J. Mod., 1987, v, 317, p. 5 59−665,
- The Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Network. Ventilation with lower tidal volumes as compared with traditional tidal volumes for acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome. N, Engl. J. Med, 2000, v.342, p.1301−1308.
- Tominaga T-, Fukata J., Hayashi Y. et al. Distribution and characterization of immunoreactive corticostatin in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. -Endocrinology, 1992, v. 130, p. 1593−1598.
- Toidjman K., Jaffe A., Grazas N. et a! The role of the tow dose (Img) adrenocorticotropin test in the evaluation of patients with pituitary' diseases. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Mctab., 1995. v.80, p.1301−1305.
- Tunn S., Pappen G., Willnow P. et al. Multicentre evaluation of an enzyme immunoassay for Cortisol determination. i. Clin, Chem, Clin. Biochcm., 1990, v.28, p.929−935.
- Tumbull A.V., Rivier C.L. Regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitajy- adrenal axis by cytokines: actions and mechanism of action. Physiol. Rev., 1999. v.79, p. I-71.
- Ullian M. E, The role of corticosteroids in the regulation of vascular tone. Cardiovasc. Res., 1999, v.41, p.55−64.
- Van den Berghe G., Wouters P., Weckers F. el al. Intensive insulin therapy in the critical ill patients. N. Engl. J Med, 2001, v.345, p.1359−1367.
- Van den Berghe G., Wouters P.J., Boniilton R, et al. Outcome benefit of intensive insulin therapy in critically ill: insulin dose versus glycemic control. -Crit. Care Med., 2003. v, 31, p. 359 366.
- Vincent J.L., Abraham E., Annane D, et al. Reducing mortality in sepsis new directions. -CriL Care Med., 2002- 6 (Suppl. 3): SI-SI 8.
- Vincent J.L., Zhang H, Szabo C., Preiser J.C. Effects of nitric oxide in septic shock.-Crit, Care Med., 2000, v. 161, p. 1781−1785.
- Vocnnan HJ., Strack van ScheifuJefRJ-M, Groeneveld A.B.J. et al. PuIsatile hormone secretion during severe sepsis: accuracy of different blood sampling regimens. Metabolism, 1992, v.82, p.934−940.
- Walker B.R.* Williams B.C. Corticosteroids and vascular tone: mapping the messenger maze. Clin. Sci. (CoichX 1992, v.82, p.597−605.
- Wang P., Ba Z. F" Jarrar D, et al. Mechanism of adrenal insufficiency following trauma and severe hemorrhage: Role of hepatic 11 betahydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. Arch. Surg., 1999, v. 134, p.394−40l.
- Waxman K-, Nolan L.S., Shoemaker W.S. Sequential cardiorespiratory patterns in septic shock. Crit Care Med., 1982, v.30, p, 96−99,
- Weigelt J.A., Norcross J.E., Borman K-R. et al. Early steroid therapy for respiratory failure. Arch. Surg., 1985, v. l 20, p.536−540.
- Yildiz O, Doganay M., Aygen B. et al, Physiological-dose steroid therapy in sepsis. CriL Care Med., 2002, v, 6, p.251−259.
- Zaloga G P. Sepsis-induced adrenal deficiency syndrome. Crit, Care Med., 2001, v.29, p.688−690,
- Zaloga G.P., Marik P. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal insufficiency. Crit, Care Clin., 2001, vA 7, p.25−41.
- Ztjlslra J. G, van der Horst l, C, Tulleken JA- et al. Corticosteroids for patients with septic shock. JAMA 2003* v.289, p.42.