Результаты хирургического лечения гемангиобластом задней черепной ямки (факторы риска и прогноз)
Диссертация
Однако следует учесть, что нерадикальные оперативные вмешательства были выполнены в основном при прорастании опухоли в ствол головного мозга. В связи с этим следует считать, что указанная корреляция в первую очередь отражает влияние на исход операции локализации опухоли и ее характер роста. Так, при сравнении радикальности удаления гемангиобластом 4-го желудочка прорастающих и не прорастающих дно… Читать ещё >
Содержание
- Предисловие
- Глава I. Обзор литературы
- 1. 1. Общая характеристика гемангиобластом головного мозга
- 1. 2. Частота встречаемости. Распределение по полу и возрасту
- 1. 3. Локализация
- 1. 4. Клиническая картина
- 1. 5. Нейрорентгенологическая диагностика
- 1. 6. Болезнь (синдром) Гиппеля — Линдау
- 1. 7. Генетические аспекты болезни Гиппеля — Линдау
- 1. 8. Метастазирование гемангиобластом
- 1. 9. Лечение
- 1. 9. 1. Хирургическое лечение гемангиобластом
- 1. 9. 2. Лучевая терапия и ее результаты
- 1. 9. 3. Прогноз и факторы его определяющие
- 2. 1. Характеристика клинического материала
- 2. 2. Нейрорентгенологические методы исследования
- 2. 3. Хирургическое удаление опухолей
- 2. 4. Лучевая терапия
- 2. 5. Катамнестические данные
- 2. 6. Статистический анализ данных
- 3. 1. Клиническая характеристика гемангиобластом
- 3. 2. Нейрорентгенологическая характеристика гемангиобластом
- 3. 3. Компьютерная томография
- 3. 4. Гидроцефалия
- 3. 5. Магнитно — резонансная томография
- 3. 6. Ангиография
- 3. 7. Прямая вертебральная ангиография
- 3. 8. MP — ангиография
- 3. 9. КТ — перфузия 68 3.9.1. Дифференциальная диагностика
- 4. 1. Однофакторный анализ данных
- 4. 2. Двухфакторный анализ данных
- 5. 1. Хирургическая техника
- 5. 2. Результаты лечения
- 5. 2. 1. Послеоперационная летальность
- 5. 2. 2. Анализ летальных исходов
- 5. 2. 3. Анализ осложнений
- 5. 2. 4. Кровоизлияние из остатков опухоли
- 5. 2. 5. Нарушение ликвородинамики
- 5. 2. 6. Инфекционные осложнения
- 5. 2. 7. Грубые бульбарные нарушения
- 5. 2. 8. Радикальность удаления
- 5. 3. Множественные опухоли
- 5. 4. Результаты катамнестического исследования
- 5. 5. Лучевая терапия
Список литературы
- Ахадов Т.А. Магнитно-резонансная томография головного мозга при опухолях. Москва. «Наука». 2003, 330 стр.
- Вирозуб И.Д. «Опухоли мозжечка». Киев, 1970 г.
- Гланц С. Медико-биологическая статистика. Прогностика, 1999. 455с.
- Иргер И.М. «Клиника и хирургическое лечение опухолей мозжечка». Медгиз, 1959.
- Коновалов А.Н., Корниенко В. Н. Компьютерная томография в нейрохирургической клинике. М.: Медицина. 1985. 296 стр.
- Коновалов А.Н., Корниенко В. Н., Озерова В. И., Пронин И. Н. Нейрорентгенология детского возраста. Москва, «Антидор», 2001, стр. 436.
- Коновалов А.Н., Корниенко В. Н., Пронин И. Н. «Магнитно -резонансная томография в нейрохирургии». Москва. «Видар», 1997, 260 -263.
- Корниенко В.Н., Пронин И. Н., Голанов А. В. и др. Медицинская визуализация. 2000. — № 1. — С. 18 — 25.
- Красовский Е.Б. «Внутричерепные ангиоретикулосаркомы (топография и гистология)». Вопросы нейрохирургии, 1951, 6, 27 35.
- Мацко Д.Е., Коршунов А. Г. «Атлас опухолей центральной нервной системы». Санкт-Петербург. 1998,148- 158.
- Минцер О.П., Угаров Б. Н., Власов В. В. Методы обработки медицинской информации. Киев, 1982,160 с.
- Озерова В.И. Диагностика гидроцефалии и мальформаций у детей. Диссертация д-ра мед. наук Москва, 1995, стр. 242.
- Подопригора А.Е., Пронин И. Н., Фадеева Л. М. Протонная магнитно -резонансная спектроскопия в диагностике опухолевых и неопухолевыхпоражений головного мозга. Вопросы нейрохирургии. 2000. — № 3. — С. 17 -21.
- Пронин И.Н. КТ и МРТ диагностика супратенториальных астроцитом. Диссертация д-ра мед. наук. М.: Москва 1998 — 295 стр.
- Пронин И.Н., Корниенко В. Н., Голанов А. В., Коршунов А. Г., Родионов П. В. Послеоперационная оценка радикальности удаления глиобластом больших полушарий головного мозга. Вопросы нейрохирургии, 2003, № 4, стр. 17−27.
- Смирнов Л.И. «К гистологической характеристике опухолей мозговых оболочек. Сообщение II. Опухоли из тканей эмбриональных стадий мозговых оболочек». Вопросы нейрохирургии, 1940, 4, 5, 3 22.
- Смирнов Л.И., Торопова М. Н. Тр. Всеукр. Псих. Невр. Акад. 1935. -№ 4 — С. — 7 — 40.
- Федоров С.Н. Вертебральная ангиография при опухолях головного мозга. Диссертация канд. мед. наук. Москва 1965.
- Цымбалюк В.И., Грязов А. Б. Морфологические типы гемангиобластом задней черепной ямки по данным магнитно-резонансной томографии. Бюллетень Украинской Ассоциации Нейрохирургов. 1998, № 7, стр. 42 44.
- Шатуновский Н.Е. Ангиоретикулома субтенториальных отделов мозга как проявление системного ангиоретикуломатоза. Диссертация кан. мед. наук., Москва, 1987.
- Шмидт Е.В. Ангиоретикулома головного мозга. Медгиз 1955 -Москва.
- Шмидт Е.В. Ангиоретикуломы головного мозга. Диссертация докт. мед. наук. Москва, 1951.
- Appoile I., Biasizzo Е., De Colle М.С. et al. Multifocal hemangioblastoma: Usefulness of MR examination with a high dose of contrast medium and late acquisition. Ibid. 10: 609 — 612,1997.
- Archer С., Roberson G., Taverns J. et al. Posterior medullary hemangioblastoma. Radiology 1972, 103: 323 8.
- Baehring J.M., Bannykh S. Images in neuro-oncology. Nemangioblastoma. J. Neurooncol (Netherlands), Nov 2003, 65 (2), p. 125.
- Berblinger W. Zur Auffassung von ger sogenannten v. Hippelschen Krankheit der Netzhaut (Capillares Hamangion im verlangerten Mark). A. von Graefes Arch Ophthalmol 1922- 110: 395 414.
- Bleistein M., Geiger K., Franz K. et al. Transthiretin and transferrin in hemangioblastoma stromal cells. Pathol Res Pract 2000 196: 675 81.
- Bohling Т., Haltia M., Rosenlof K. et al. Erythropoietin in capillary hemangioblastoma. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 74: 324 328, 1987.
- Bohling Т., Turunen O., Jaaskelainen J. et al. Ezrin expression in stromal cells of capillary hemangioblastoma. An immunohistochemical survey of brain tumors. Am J Pathol 1996 Feb 148: 367 73.
- Bohling Т., Hatva E., Kujala M. et. al. Expression of growth factors and growth factor receptors in capillary hemangioblastoma. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 55: 522−527,1996.
- Brandt R. Zur Frage der Angiomatosis retinae. A. von Graefes Arch Ophthalmol 1921- 106: 127 165.
- Brauch H., Kishida Т., Glavac D. et. al. Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) disease with pheochromocytoma in the Black Forest region in Germany: evidence for a founder effect. Hum Genet 95: 551 556,1995.
- Bret P., Streichenberger N., Guyotat J. Metastasis of renal carcinoma to a cerebellar hemangioblastoma in a patient with von Hippel-Lindau disease: a case report. Br J Neuroserg 1999, Aug 13:413−6.
- Brodkey J. A, Buchignani J.A. et al. Hemangioblastoma of the radial nerve: case report. Neurosurgery 1995 Jan 36: 198 200.
- Brown D.F., Gazdar A.F., White C.L. et. al. Human telomerase RNA expression and MIB-1 (Ki-67) proliferation index distinguish hemangioblastomasfrom metastatic renal cell carcinoma. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 56: 1349 1355, 1997.
- Carpenter G., Schwarz H.G., Walker A.E. Neurogenic polycythemia. Ann Intern Med 1943- 19: 470−81.
- Chandler H., Friedman W. Radiosurgery treatment a hemangioblastoma: case report. Neurosurgery 1994 Feb 34: 353 5.
- Chang S., Meisel J., Hancock S.L. et al. Treatment of hemangioblastoma in von Hippel-Lindau disease with linear accelerator-based radiosurgery. Neurosurgery 1998 — Vol. 43 — P. 28−34.
- Chazono M., Shiba R., Funasani H. et al. Hemangioblastoma of the L-5 nerve root: case illustration. J. Neurosurgery 1999, 90 (1 Suppl): 160.
- Chen F., Kishida Т., Yao M. et al. Germline mutations in the von Hippel-Lindau disease tumor suppressor gene: correlations with phenotype. Hum Mutat 1995 5:66−75.
- Cho S.K., Na D.G., Ryoo J.W., Roh H.G. et al. Perfusion MR imagin: clinical utility for the differential diagnosis of various brain tumors. Korean J Radiol, 2002, Jul Sep, № 3 (3), p. 171 — 179.
- Choyke P.L., Glenn G.M., Walther M.M. et al. Von Hippel-Lindau disease: genetic, clinical, and imaging features. Radiology 194: 626 642, 1995.
- Clifford S.C., Cockman M.E., Smallwood A.C. et al. Contrasting effects on HIF-l alpha regulation by disease-causing pVHL mutations correlate with patterns of tumourrigenesis in von Hippel-Lindau disease. Hum Mol Genet 2001 Vol 10: 1029 -38.
- Cobb C., Youmans J. Sarcomas and neoplasms of blood vessels, in Youmans Ж (ed): Neurological Surgery. A comprehensive reference guide to the diagnosis and management of neurosurgical problems, ed 3. Philadelphia: WB Saunders 1990.- P. 3152 — 3159.
- Constans J-P., Meder F., Maiuri F. et al. Posterior fossa hemangioblastomas. Surg. Neurol, 1989, 25: 269 275.
- Conway J.E., Dean Chou B.S. et al. Hemangioblastomas of the central nervous system in von Hippel-Lindau syndrome and sporadic disease. Neurosurgery, V.48, № 1, January 2001, p. 55 63.
- Cramer F., Kimsey W. The cerebellar hemangioblastoma. Review of fifty-three cases with special reference to cerebellar cysts and the association of polycythemia. Arch. Neurol. Psych. 1952. V.6, номер 2 p. 237 252.
- Crockard H., Barnard R., Isaacson P. Metastasis of carcinoma to hemangioblastoma cerebelli: case report. Neurosurgery, 1988, Sep 23: 382 4.
- Crossey P.A., Richards F.M., Foster K. et. al. Identication of intragenic mutations in the von Hippel-Lindau disease tumor suppressor gene and correlation with disease phenotype. Hum Mol Genet 3: 1303 1308, 1994.
- Cushing H. Intrakranielle tumoren. Berlin, 1935.
- Cushing H., Bailey P. Tumors arising from the bloodvessels of the brain. -Springfield: Thomas, 1928. p. 219.
- David M., Thieffry S., Askenazy H. Angiome du bulbe coexistant avec un angiome du cervelet. Ablation. Syndrome dataxie post-operatoire. Guerison. Rev. Neurol. 1936, 66: 109−120.
- Davis L. The principles of neurological surgery. London, Kimpton. 1946. -p. 540.54. de la Monte S.M., Horowitz S.A. Hemangioblastoma: clinical and histopathological factors correlated with recurrence. Neurosurgery 25: 695 698, 1989.
- Decker D., Decker V., Herskovic A. et. al. Brain metastases in patients with renal cell carcinoma: prognosis and treatment. J Clin Oncol 2: 169 173, 1984.
- Decker H.J., Weidt E.J., Brieger J. The von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor gene. A rare and intriguing disease opening new insight into basic mechanisms of carcinigenesis. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 93: 74 83, 1997.
- Diehl P.R., Symon L. Supratentorial intraventricular haemangioblastoma: case report and review of literature. Surg. Neurol, 1981, 15: 435 443.
- Djindjian M. Successful removal of a brainstem hemangioblastoma. Surg. Neurology 1986. — Vol. 25 — P. 97 — 100.
- Eisenhofer G., Lenders J.W.M., Linehan W.M. et al. Plasma normetanephrine and metanephrine for detecting pheochromocytoma in von Hippel-Lindau disease and multiple endocrine neoplasia type-2. N Engl J Med 340: 1872- 1879, 1999.
- Eskridge J.M., McAuliffe W., Harris B. et al. Preoperative endovascular embolization of craniospinal hemangioblastomas. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1996 Mar 17: 525−531.
- Filling-Katz M.R., Choyke P.L., Oldfield E. et al. Central nervous system involvement in von Hippel-Lindau disease. Neurology 41:41 46, 1991.
- Fukushima Т., Sakamoto S., Iwasa M. et al. Intramedullary hemangioblastoma of the medulla. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 1998- 38: 489 98.
- Gay P., Litchy W., Cascino T. Brain metastasis in hypernephroma. J. Neurooncol 5: 51 56, 1987.
- Glasker S., Bender B.U., Apel T.W. et al. Reconsideration of biallelic inactivation of the VHL tumor suppressor gene in hemangioblastoma of the central nervous system. J Neurol Neurosurgery Psychiatry 70: 644 648, 2001.
- Glenn G.M., Daniel L.N., Choyke P. et. al. Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) disease: distinct phenotypes suggest more then one mutant allele at the VHL locus. Hum Genet 87: 207−210, 1991.
- Glenn G.M., Linehan W.M., Hosoe S. et. al. Screening for Hippel-Lindau disease by DNA polymorphism analysis. JAMA 267: 1226−1231, 1992.
- Greenberg M.S. Handbook of Neurosurgery. Fifth edition, 2001. P. 439 -441.
- Hamazaki S., Nakashima H., Matsumoto K. et al. Metastasis of renal cell carcinoma to central nervous system hemangioblastoma in two patients with von Hippel-Lindau disease. Pathol Int. 2001 Dec 51: 948 953.
- Harth M., Andre J.M., Djindjian R. et al. Intraspinal hemangioblastomas (in French). Neurochirurgie 21 (Suppl 1): 1 136, 1975.
- Hashimoto K., Nozaki K., Kikuchi H. Cerebellar hemangioblastoma with intracystic hemorrhage case report. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo), 1995, Jul 35: 458 -461.
- Helle Т., Conley F., Britt R. Effect of radiation therapy on hemangioblastoma: a case report review of the literature. Neurosurgery, 1980 Jan 6: 82 86.
- Heppner C., Kester M.B., Agarwal S.K. et al. Somatic mutations of the MENI gene in parathyroid tumours. Nat. Genet, 16: 375 378, 1997.
- Horton J.A., Eelkema E. Et al. Preoperative embolization of a hemangioblastoma. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol, 1989. 10: 203.
- Horton W.A., Wong V., Eldridge R. Von Hippel-Lindau disease: clinical and pathological manifestations in nine families with 50 affected members. Arch Intern Med 136: 769 777,1976.
- Hotta H., Uede Т., Morimoto S. et al. Optic nerve hemangioblastoma. Case report. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 1989 Oct 29: 948 52.
- Isaka Т., Horibt K., Nakatani S. et al. Hemangioblastoma of the third ventricle. Neurosurgery Rev 1999 Oct 22: 140−4.
- Jackson J.H. A series of cases illustrative of cerebral pathology. Cerebral tumour. Medical Times and Gazette, London 1872, 2: 541 544.
- Jawahara A., Kondziolka D., Garces Y. et al. Stereotactic radiosurgery for hemangioblastomas of the brain. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2000 142: 641 4.
- Jeffreys R. Clinical and surgical aspects of posterior fossa hemangioblastoma. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1975- 38: 105 11.
- Jeffreys R.V., Napier J., Reynolds S.H. Erythropoietin levels in posterior fossa hemangioblastoma. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 38: 112−119, 1975.
- Jones P.A., Laird P.W. Cancer epigenetics comes of age. Nat. Genet, 21: 163 167, 1999.
- Jung R. Uberdie Angiome Lindau als eine charakteristische Gruppe unter den Kleinhirntumoren. Arch. Psych. U. Nervenkr., 1955, 5: 580 626.
- Jurco S., Nadji M., Harvey D.G. et al. Hemangioblastomas: histogenesis of the stromal cell studied by immunocytochemistry. Hum Pathol 1982 Jan 13: 13 -8.
- Kamb A., Herlyn M. Malignant melanoma, in Vogelstein B, Kinzler KW (eds): The Genetic Basis of Human Cancer. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1998, pp 507−518.
- Karnofsky D. A., Abelmann W. H, Cravez L.F. The use of nitrogen mustards in the palliattiv treatment of carcinoma, with special reference to bronhogenic carcinoma. Cancer. 1948. — V. l (p. 634−656).
- Kasarkis E.J., Tibbs P.A., Lee C. Cerebellar hemangioblastoma symptomatic during pregnancy. Neurosurgery 22: 770 772, 1988.
- Kerr DJ, Scheithauer BW, Miller GM, et al. Hemangioblastoma of the optic nerve: case report. Neurosurgery 1995 Mart 36: 573 80.
- Kikuchi K., Kowada M., Sasaki J., Yanagida N. Cerebellar hemangioblastoma associated with fatal intratumoral hemorrhage: report of an autopsied case. No Shinkei Geka, 1994, Jul 22: 593 597.
- Knudson A.G. Hereditary cancer, oncogenes, and antioncogenes. Cancer Res., 45: 1437- 1443, 1985.
- Koch K. Beitragen zur Pathologie der Bauchspeicheldruse. Virchows Arch Pathol Anat 1913- 214: 180 206.
- Kohno K., Matsui S., Nishiazaki A. et al. Successful total removal of intramedullary hemangioblastoma from the medulla oblongata. Surg Neurology -1993.-Vol. 39.-P. 25−30.
- Latif F., Tory K., Gnarra J. et al. Identification of the von Hippel-Lindau syndrome tumor suppressor gene. Science 260: 1317 1320,1993.
- Lee J.Y., Dong S.M., Park W.S. et al. Loss of geterozygosity and somatic mutation of the VHL tumor suppressor gene in sporadic cerebellarhemangioblastomas. Cancer Res. 58: 504 508, 1998.
- Lindau A. Studien uber Kleinhirncysten. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand, 1926 Suppl. S. 1−128.
- Loftus C.M., Marquardt M.D., Stein B.M. Hemangioblastoma of the third ventricle. Neurosurgery 1984 Jul 15: 67 72.
- Lundin P., Pedersen F. Volume of pituitary macroadenomas: assessment by MRI. J. Comput Assist Tomogr 16: 519 528, 1992.
- Maher E.R., Yates J.R., Harries R. et al. Clinical features and natural history of von Hippel-Lindau disease. Q J Med 77: 1151 1163, 1990.
- Marler J.J., Rubin J.B., Trede N.S. et al. Successful antiangiogenic therapy of giant cell hemangioblastoma with interferon alfa 2b: report of 2 cases. Pediatrics (United States), Feb 2002, 109 (2), p. 37.
- Matsumura A., Maki Y., Munekata K., Kobayashi E. Intracerebellar hemorrhage due to cerebellar hemangioblastoma. Surg Neorol, 1985, Aug 24: 227 -230.
- Melmon K.L., Rosen S.W. Lindau’s disease: review of the literature and study of a large kindred. Am J Med 36: 595 617, 1964.
- Meredith J., Hennigar G. Cerebellar hemangioblastomas: a clinico-pathologic study of 14 cases. Am Surg 1954. — Vol. 20 — P. 410 — 423.
- Miller D.G., McCutcheon I.E. Hemangioblastomas and other uncommon intramedullary tumors. J. Neurooncology, 2000, May 47: 253 70.
- Miller M.H., Tucker W.S., Bilbao J.M. Supratentorial haemangioblastoma associated with von Hippel-Lindau disease: case report and review of the literature. J Can Assoc Radiol, 1986,37: 35 37.
- Murota Т., Symon L. Surgical management of hemangioblastomas of the spinal cord: a report of 18 cases. Neurosurgery 25: 699 708, 1989.
- Nathan L., Satin A.J., Twickler D.M. Cerebellar hemangioblastoma complicating pregnancy. A case report. J Reprod Med 40: 662 664,1995.
- Neumann H.P. Basic criteria for clinical diagnosis and genetic counseling in von Hippel-Lindau syndrome. Vasa 16: 220 226, 1987.
- Neumann H.P., Eggert H.R. et al. Hemangioblastomas of the central nervous system. A 10-year study with special reference to von Hippel-Lindau syndrome. J. Neurosurgery, V.70, January 1989, p. 24 30.
- Newton Т.Н. Anterior and posterior meningeal branches of vertebral artery. Radiology. 1968, 91: 271 279.
- Niemela M., Lim Y., Soderman M. et al. Gamma knife radiosurgery in 11 hemangioblastomas. J. Neurosurgery 1996 Oct 85: 591 6.
- Niemela M., Maenpaa H., Salven P. et. al. Interferon alpha-2a therapy in 18 hemangioblastomas. Clin Cancer Res 2001 Mar 7: 510 116.
- Nishimoto A., Kawakami Y. Surgical removal of hemangioblastoma in the fourth ventricle. Surg. Neurol. 13: 423 427, 1980.
- Okawara S-H. Solid cerebellar hemangioblastoma. J. Neurosurg. V.39. October, 1986 p. 514- 518.
- Olivecrona H. The cerebellar angioreticulomas. J. Neurosurg. 1952, V.9, номер 4, p. 317−330.
- Palmer J.J. Hemangioblastomas. A review of 81 cases. Acta Neurochirurgica 1972, 27: 125 148.
- Pan L., Wang E., Wang Y. et al. Gamma knife radiosurgery for hemangioblastomas. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 1998 Oct 70 Suppl 1: 179−86.
- Panas F., Remy A. Anatomie pathologique de loeil. Paris: V. Adrien Delahaye et Cie Libraires Ed, 1879: 103.
- Patrice S., Sneed P., Flickinger J. et al. Radiosurgery for hemangioblastoma: result of a multiinstitutional experinenc. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 1996. — Vol. 35 — P. 493 — 499.
- Perlmutter I., Horrax G., Poppen J. Cystic hemangioblastomas of the cerebellum. End results in 25 verified cases. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1950. — Vol. 91-P. 89−99.
- Quadery F.A., Okamoto К. Diffusion-weighted MRI of hemangioblastoma and other cerebellar tumors. Neuroradiology 2003, Apr., № 45 (4), p. 212−219.
- Race G.J., Finney J.W., Mallams J.T. et al. Hematopoietin stimulating effect of a cerebellar hemangioblastoma. JAMA 187: 150 151, 1964.
- Raghavan R., Krumerman J., Rushing E.J. et al. Recurrent (nonfamilian) hemangioblastomas involving spinal nerve roots: case report. Neurosurgery 2000 Dec 47: 1443 8.
- Rawe S.E., Van Gilder J.C., Rothman S.L.G. Radiographic diagnostic evaluation and surgical treatment of multiple cerebellar, brain stem, and spinal cord hemangioblastomas. Surg. Neurol. 9: 337 341, 1978.
- Richards F.M., Crossey P.A., Phipps M.E. et al. Detailed mapping of germline deletions of the von Hippel-Lindau syndrome tumor suppressor gene. Hum. Mol. Genet. 3: 595 598, 1994.
- Richmond B.K., Schmidt J.H. Congenital cystic supratentorial hemangioblastoma. Case report. J Neurosurg 1995 Jan 82:1 113−5.
- Robinson R.G. Aspects of the natural history of cerebellar hemangioblastomas. Acta Neurol Scand 41: 372 380, 1966.
- Rosenthal G., Israel Z., Umansky F. Metastatic brain adenocarcinoma masquerading as recurrent hemangioblastoma. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 1998, 140: 1207−8.
- Roussy G., Oberling C. Les tumoures angiomateuses des centres nereux. Presse Med. 1930. — Vol. 38, № 4. — p. 179−185.
- Rubinstein L.G. Tumors of the Central Nervous System. Washington DC, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, 1972, pp. 235−241.
- Rubio A., Meyers S.P., Powers J.M. et al. Hemangioblastoma of the optic nerve. Hum Pathol 1994 Nov 25: 1249 51.
- Russell D.S., Rubinstein L.J. Pathology of tumors of the nervous system. Sixth edition. 1998. Chapter 14. Tumors of vascular origin. P. 239 256.
- Saitoh H. Distant metastasis of renal adenocarcinoma. Cancer 48: 1487 — 1491, 1981.
- Sajadi A., de Tribolet N. Unusual locations of hemangioblastomas. Case illustration. J. Neurosurgery, 2002, Sep 97: 3 p.727.
- Sanford R.A., Smith R.A. Hemangioblastoma of the cervicomedullary junction. Report of three cases. J. Neurosurgery 64: 317 321.
- Schuback A. Uber die Angiomatosis des Zentralnervensistems (Lindauschen Krankheit). Ztschr Ges Neurol Psychiat, 1927, 110: 359 362.
- Seinzinger B.R., Rouleau G.A., Ozelius L.G. et al. Von Hippel-Lindau disease maps to the region of chromosome 3 associated with renal cell carcinoma. Nature 332: 268 269, 1988.
- Silver M., Hennigar G. Cerebellar hemangioma (hemangioblastoma). A clinicopathological review of 40 cases. J. Neurosurgery 1952. — Vol. 9 — P. 484 -194.
- Silverberg G.D., Reitz B.A., Ream A.K. Hipothermia and cardiac arrest in the treatment of giant aneurysms of the cerebral circulation and hemangioblastoma of the medulla. J. Neurosurg. 1981, 55: 337−346.
- Singounas E. Hemangioblastomas of the central nervous system. Acta Neurochir 1978. — Vol. 44 — P. 107 — 113.
- Smalley S., Schomberg P., Eare J. et al. Raditherapeutic conciderations in the treatment of hemangioblastomas the central nervous system. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys- 1990.-Vol. 18.-P. 1165−1171.
- Standard S. C., Ahuja A., Livingston K. et. al. Endovascular embolization and surgical axcision for the treatment of cerebellar and brain stem hemangioblastomas. Surg. Neurol. 1994- 41: 405−410.
- Stratmann R., Krieg M., Haas R. et. al. Putative control of angiogenesis in hemangioblastomas by the von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor gene. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 56: 1242−1252,1997.
- Sung D., Chang C., Harisiadis L. Cerebellar hemangioblastomas. Canser 1982. — Vol. 49 — P. 553 — 555.
- Symon L., Murota Т., Pell M., Bordi L. Surgical management of haemangioblastoma of the posterior fossa. Acta Neurochirurgica (Wien), 1993, 120: 103- 110.
- Takeuchi S., Tanaka R., Fujii Y. et al. Surgical treatment of hemangioblastomas with presurgical endovascular embolization. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 2001 May 41: 246−251.
- Tampieri D., Leblanc R., TerBrugge K. Preoperative embolization of brain and spinal hemangioblastomas. Neurosurgery 1993 Sep 33: 502 505.
- Tory K., Brauch H., Linehan M. et al. Specific genetic change in tumors associated with von Hippel-Lindau disease. J Natl Cancer Inst. 81: 1097 1101, 1989.
- Tse J.Y.M., Wong J.H.C., Lo K.W. et al. Molecular genetic analysis of the von Hippel-Lindau syndrome suppressor gene in familial and sporadic cerebellar hemangioblastomas. Am J Clin Pathol. 107: 459 466, 1997.
- Vatsal D.K., Husain M., Husain N., Chawla S. et. al. Cerebellar hemangioblastoma simulatin arachnoid cyst on imagin ann surgery. Neurosurg Rev 2002 Mar, № 25 (1−2), p. 107 109.
- Vazquez-Anon V., Botella C., Beltran A. Preoperative embolization of solid cervico-medullary junction hemangioblastoma: report of two cases. Neuroradiology, 1997, 39: 86−89.
- Velthoven V.V., Reinacher P.C., Klisch J. et al. Treatment of intramedullary hemangioblastomas, with special attention to von Hippel-Lindau disease. Neurosurgery, V. 53, December 2003, p. 1306 — 1314.
- Vinuela F., Dion J., Duckwiler G. et al. Combined endovascular embolization and surgery in the management of the cerebral arterio-venous malformations: experience with 101 cases. J. Neurosurgery, 1991, 75: 856 864.
- Von Hippel E. Uber eine sehr seltene Erkrankung der Netzhaut. Albrechtvon Graefes Arch Ophthalmol 1904- 59: 83 87.
- Von Hippel E. Vorstellung eines Patienten mit einer sehr ungewohnlichen Netzhaut. XXIV Versammlung der ophthalmologischen Gesellschaft (Heidelberg 1895). Wiesbaden: J.F. Bergmann Verlag, 1896:269.
- Vortmeyer A.O., Gnarra J.R., Emmert-Buck M.R. et al. Von Hippel-Lindau gene deletion detected in the stromal cell component of a cerebellar hemangioblastoma associated with von Hippel-Lindau disease. Hum Pathol. 28: 540 543, 1997.
- Waldmann T.A. Polycythemia and cancer. Fifth National Cancer Cjnference Proceedings, Philadelphia 1964. Philadelphia and Toronto: JP Lippincot, 1965: 437−43.
- Wanebo J.E., Lonser R.R., Glenn G.M. et. al. The natural history of hemangioblastomas of the central nervous system in patients with Hippel-Lindau disease. J. Neurosurg. V. 98, January 2003, p. 82 94.
- Wang C., Zhang J., Liu A., Sun B. Surgical management of medullary hemangioblastoma. Report of 47 cases. Surg. Neurol., 2001, 56: 218 227.
- Weil R., Lonser R., DeVroom H. et al. Surgical management of brainstem hemangioblastomas in patients with von Hippel-Lindau disease. J. Neurosurgery — 2003.-Vol. 98.-P. 95−105.
- Weil R.J., Vortmeyer A.O., Zhuang Z. et al. Clinical and molecular analysis of disseminated hemangioblastomatosis of central nervous system in patients without von Hippel-Lindau disease. J. Neurosurgery 96: 775 787, 2002.
- Whaley J.M., Naglich J., Gelbert L. et. al. Germ-line mutations in the von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor gene are similar to somatic von Hippel-Lindau aberrations in sporadic renal cell carcinoma. Am J Hum Genet 55: 1092 — 1102, 1994
- Wisoff H. S, Suzuki Y., Llena J.F. et al. Extramedullar hemangioblastoma of the spinal cord. Case report. J. Neurosurgery 1978, 48: 461 -464.
- Wizigmann-Voos S., Breier G., Risau W. et. al. Up-regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor and its receptors in von Hippel-Lindau disease-associated and sporadic hemangioblastomas. Cancer Res 55: 1358 1364, 1995.
- Yamada S.M., Ikeda Y., Takahashi H., Teramoto A. Hemangioblastomas with blood supply from the dural arteries two case reports. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 2000 Jan 40: 69 — 73.
- Yang H., Kaelin W.G. Molecular pathogenesis of the von Hippel-Lindau hereditary cancer syndrome: implications for oxygen sensing. Cell Growth Differ 12: 447−455,2001.
- Yasargil M.G., Antic J., Laciga R. et al. The microsurgical removal of intramedullary spinal hemangioblastomas: report of 12 cases and a review of the literature. Surg Neurol 6: 141 148,1976.
- Zbar В., Kishida Т., Cheh F. et. al. Germline mutations in the von Hippel-Lindau disease (VHL) gene in families from North Americs, Europe, and Japan. Hum Mutat 8: 348 357, 1996.