Изучение роли гена Hr в работе ВМР-и WNT-зависимых генных регуляторных сетей в цикле волосяного фолликула мыши
Диссертация
Нг в работу WNTи BMP-зависимых генных сетей: о его конкретных молекулярных мишенях и о том, одинаковы ли эти мишени в клетках разных типов. Изучение изменений в работе WNTи ВМР-зависимых генных сетей у мышей, мутантных по гену Нг, таким образом, является первым шагом на пути к получению ответов на эти вопросы. Оценка активности этих генных сетей может быть проведена на разных уровнях их работыв… Читать ещё >
Содержание
- Цели и задачи работы
- Часть I. Обзор литературы
- Глава 1. Постнатальный морфогенез волосяных фолликулов у мыши
- Глава 2. Ключевые генные регуляторные сети, контролирующие морфогенез волосяных фолликулов
- 2. 1. Генная регуляторная сеть SHH
- 2. 2. Генная регуляторная сеть WNT
- 2. 3. Генная регуляторная сеть BMP
- 2. 4. Взаимодействие WNT- и TGF-p-зависимых механизмов в индукции морфогенеза волосяных фолликулов у мыши
- 2. 5. Роль специфических антагонистов WNT- и ВМР-зависимых генных сетей в обеспечении взаимодействия этих генных сетей
- Глава 3. Ген Нг и его мутантные аллели как инструмент для изучения генетического контроля развития волоса
- 3. 1. Мыши, мутантные по гену Нг, как модель наследственной алопеции
- 3. 2. Молекулярные принципы действия гена Нг и плейотропные эффекты его мутантных аллелей
- Часть II. Экспериментальная часть
- Глава 4. Материалы и методы
- 4. 1. Животные
- 4. 2. Выделение ДНК и определение мутантного аллеля гена Нг
- 4. 3. Изучение экспрессии мРНК BMP- и WNT-зависимых генов в коже мышей генотипов Hrh'/+ и Hrhr/Hr'"
- 4. 4. Изучение регенерационной способности кожи мышей генотипа HrhrIHrh
- 4. 5. Исследование действия препарата NOGGIN на скорость роста волос у мышей СВА
- 4. 6. Статистическая обработка данных
- Глава 5. Определение мутантного аллеля гена Нг
- Глава 6. Изучение влияния мутации в гене Нг на пространственно-временной паттерн транскрипционной активности BMP- и WNT-зависимых генов в коже мыши
- 6. 1. Экспрессия мРНК гена Втр
- 6. 2. Экспрессия мРНК гена Idl
- 6. 3. Экспрессия мРНК гена Mitf
- 6. 4. Экспрессия мРНК гена Sostdcl
- Глава 7. Изучение влияния мутации в гене Нг на регенерационнуго способность кожи мыши
- Глава 8. Изучение влияния экзогенного препарата NOGGIN на скорость роста волос у мыши
- Обсуждение
Список литературы
- Всеволодов Э. Б. Волосяные фолликулы / Алма-Ата: Наука, 1979. 192 с.
- Конюхов Б. В. Биологическое моделирование наследственных болезней человека / М.: Медицина, 1969. 259 с.
- Ahmad W., Panteleyev A. A., Christiano А. М. The molecular basis of congenital atrichia in humans and mice: mutations in the hairless gene // J. Invest. Dermatol. 1999. V. 4. P. 240 243.
- Baker J. C., Beddington R. S., Harland R. M. Wnt signaling in Xenopus embryos inhibits bmp4 expression and activates neural development // Genes Dev. 1999. V. 13. P. 3149−3159.
- Balemans W., Van Hul W. Extracellular regulation of BMP signaling in vertebrates: a cocktail of modulators // Dev. Biol. 2002. V. 250. P. 231 -250.
- Beaudoin G. M. J. Ill, Sisk J. M., Coulombe P. A., Thompson С. C. Hairless triggers reactivation of hair growth by promoting Wnt signaling // PNAS. 2005. V. 102. P. 14 653 14 658.
- Bernerd F., Schweizer J., Demarchez M. Dermal cysts of the rhino mouse develop into unopened sebaceous glands // Arch. Dermatol. Res. 1996. V. 288. P. 586−595.
- Billingham R. E., Silvers W. K. Transplantation and cutaneous genetics // J. Invest. Dermatol. 1973. V. 60. P. 509 515.
- Bitgood M. J., McMahon A. P. Hedgehog and Bmp genes are coexpressed at many diverse sites of cell cell interaction in the mouse embryo // Dev. Biol. 1995. V. 172. P. 126 — 138.
- Blanpain С., Lowry W. E., Geoghegan A., Polak L., Fuchs E. Self-renewal, multipoteney, and the existence of two cell populations within an epithelial stem cell niche // Cell. 2004. V. 118. P. 635 648.
- Blessing M., Nanney L. В., King L. E., Jones С. M., Hogan B. L. transgenic mice as a model to study the role of TGF-beta-related molecules in hair follicles // Genes Dev. 1993. V. 7. P. 204 215.
- Blume-Peytavi U., Tosti A., Whiting D. A., Trueb R. M. Hair Growth and Disorders / Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. 2008.
- Botchkarev V. A., Botchkareva N. V., Nakamura M., Huber O., Funa K., Lauster R., Paus R., Gilchrcst B. A. Noggin is required for induction of the hair follicle growth phase in postnatal skin // FASEB J. 2001. V. 15. P. 2205−2214.
- Botchkarev V. A., Botchkareva N. V., Sharov A. A., Funa K., Huber O., Glichrest B. A. Modulation of BMP signaling by noggin is required for induction of the secondary (nontylotrich) hair follicles // J. Invest. Dermatol. 2002. V. 118. P. 3 10.
- Brooke H. C. Hairless mice // J. Hered. 1926. V. 17. P. 173 174.
- Brott В. K., Sokol S. Y. Regulation of Wnt/LRP signaling by distinct domains of Dickkopf proteins // mol. Cell. Biol. 2002. V. 22. P. 6100 -6110.
- Bustin S. A. Absolute quantification of mRNA using real-time reversetranscription polymerase chain reaction assays // J. Mol. Endocrinol. 2000.1061. V. 25. P. 169- 193.
- Cachon-Gonzalez M. В., Fenner S., Coffin J. M., Moran C., Best S., Stoye J. P. Structure and Expression of the Hairless Gene of Mice // Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 1994. V. 91. P. 7717 7721.
- Cachon-Gonzalez M. В., San-Jose I., Cano A., Vega J. A., Garcia N., Freeman Т., Schimmang Т., Stoye J. P. The heirless gene of the mouse: relationship of phenotypic effects with expression profile and genotype // Dev. Dyn. 1999. V. 216. P. 113 126.
- Chase H. В., Eaton G. J. The growth of hair follicles in waves // Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. USA. 1960. V. 83. P. 365 -368.
- Chen J. D., Evans R. M. A transcriptional co-repressor that interacts with nuclear hormone receptors // Nature. 1995. V. 377. P. 454 457.
- Chuong С. M., Chen H. M., Jiang Т. X., Chia J. Adhesion molecules in skin development: morphogenesis of feather and hair // Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1991. V. 642. P. 263−280.
- Chuong С. M., Widelitz R. В., Ting-Berreth S., Jiang Т. X. Early events during avian skin appendage regeneration: dependence on epithelial-mesenchymal interaction and order of molecular reappearance // J. invest. Dermatol. 1996. V. 107. P. 639 646.
- Chuong C.-M. E. Molecular Basis of Epithelial Appendage Morphogenesis / Austin, TX: R. G. Landes Co. 1998.
- Cotsarelis G., Millar S. Towards a molecular understanding of hair loss and its treatment // Trends Mol. Med. 2001. V. 7. P. 293 301.
- Cotsarelis G., Sun Т. Т., Lavker R. M. Label-retaining cells reside in the bulge area of pilosebaceous unit: implications for follicular stem cells, hair cycle, and skin carcinogenesis // Cell. 1990. V. 61. P. 1329 1337.
- Crew F. A. E., Mirskaia L. The character «hairless» in the mouse // J. Genet. 1931. V. 25. P. 17−24.
- Dahmane N., Lee J., Robins P., Heller P., Ruiz i Altaba A. Activation of the transcription factor Glil and the Sonic hedgehog signaling pathway in skin tumors // Nature. 1997. V. 389. P. 876 881.
- Dale L., Wardle F. C. A gradient of BMP activity specifies dorsal-ventral fates in early Xenopus embryos // Semin. Cell Dev. Biol. 1999. V. 10. P. 319−326.
- DasGupta R., Fuchs E. Multiple roles for activated LEF/TCF transcription complex during hair follicle development and differentiation // Development. 1999. V. 126. P. 4557−4568.
- Dassule H., McMahon A. P. Analysis of epithelial-mesenchymal interactions in the initial morphogenesis of the mammalian tooth // Dev. Biol. 1998. V. 202. P. 215 227.
- Di Simone N., Hall H. A., Welt C., Schneyer A. L. Activin regulates betaA-subunit and activin receptor messenger ribonucleic acid and cellular proliferation in activin-responsive testicular tumor cells // Endocrinology. 1999. V. 139. P. 1147- 1155.
- Domingos P. M., Itasaki N., Jones С. M., Mercurio S., Sargent M. G.,
- Smith J. C., Krumlauf R. The Wnt/beta-catenin pathway posteriorizesneural tissue in Xenopus by an indirect mechanism requiring FGF108signalling // Dev. Biol. 2001. V. 239. P. 148 160.
- Evans R. M. The steroid and thyroid hormone receptor superfamily // Science. 1988. V. 240. P. 889 895.
- Ferguson C. A., Tucker A. S., Christicn L., Lau A. L., Matzuk M. M., Sharpe P. T. Activin is an essential early mesenchymal signal in tooth development that is required for patterning of the murine dentition // Genes Dev. 1998. V. 12. P. 2636 2649.
- Finch P. W., Rubin J. S., Miki Т., Ron D., Aaronson S. A. Human KGF is FGF-related with properties of a paracrine cffcctor of epithelial cell growth // Science. 1989. V. 245. P. 752 755.
- Foitzik K., Paus R., Doetschman Т., Dotto G. P. The TGF-beta2 isoform is both a required and sufficient inducer of murine hair follicle morphogenesis // Dev. Biol. 1999. V. 212. P. 278 289.
- Freeman Т. C., Dixon A. K., Campbell E. A., Tait Т. M., Richardson P. J., Rice К. M., Maslen G. L., Metcalfe A. D., Streuli С. H., Bentley D. R. Expression mapping of mouse genes // MGI Direct Data Submission. 1998. (MGI: 1 199 209).
- Fuchs E. Scratching the surface of skin development // Nature. 2007. V. 445. P. 834−842.
- Fuchs E., Merrill B. J., Jamora C., DasGupta R. At the roots of a never-ending cycle // Dev. Cell. 2001. V. 1. P. 13 25.
- Gallagher С. H., Canfield P. J., Greenoak G. E., Reeve V. E. Characterization and histogenesis of tumors in the hairless mouse produced by low-dosage incremental ultraviolet radiation // J. Invest. Dermatol. 1984. V. 83. P. 169- 174.
- Garcia-Castro M. I., Marcelle C., Bronner-Fraser M. Ectodermal Wnt function as a neural crest inducer // Science. 2002. V. 297. P. 848 — 851.
- Gat U., DasGupta R., Degenstein L., Fuchs E. De Novo hair follicle morphogenesis and hair tumors in mice expressing a truncated beta-catenin in skin // Cell. 1998. V. 95. P. 605 614.
- Gates A. H., Arundell F. D., Karasek M. A. Hereditary defect of the pilosebaceous unit in a new double mutant mouse // J. Invest. Dermatol. 1969. V. 52. P. 115−118.
- Ghazizadeh S., Taichman L. B. Multiple classes of stem cells in cutaneous epithelium: a lineage analysis of adult mouse skin // EMBO J. 2001. V. 20. P. 1215- 1222.
- Godwin A. R., Capecchi M. R. Hoxl3c mutant mice lack external hair // Genes Dev. 1998. V 12. P. 11−20.
- Grotewold L., Plum M., Dildrop R., Peters Т., Ruther U. Bambi is coexpressed with Bmp-4 during mouse embryogenesis // Mech. Dev. 2001. V. 100. P. 327−330.
- Hammerschmidt M., Brook A., McMahon A. P. The world according to hedgehog // Trends Genet. 1997. V. 13. P. 14 21.
- Hardy M. H. The secret life of the hair follicle // Trends Getet. 1992. V. 8. P. 55−61.
- He X., Saint J. J., Wang Y., Nathans J., Dawid I., Varmus H. A member of the Frizzled protein family mediating axis induction by Wnt-5A // Science. 1997. V. 275. P. 1652- 1654.
- Headon D. J., Overbeek P. A. Involvement of a novel Tnf receptor homologue in hair follicle induction // Nature Genet. 1999. P. 370 374.
- Heisenberg C. P., Tada M., Rauch G. J., Saude L., Concha M. L., Geisler1 10
- R., Stemple D. L., Smith J. C., Wilson S. W. Silberblick/Wntl 1 mediates convergent extension movements during zebrafish gastrulation // Nature. 2000. V. 405. P. 76−81.
- Herskowitz I. A regulatory hierarchy for cell specialization in yeast // Nature. 1989. V. 342. P. 749 757.
- Hidalgo A. Interactions between segment polarity genes and the generation of the segmental pattern in Drosophila // Mech. Dev. 1991. V. 35. P. 77 -87.
- Hogan B. L. M. Bone morphogenetic proteins: multifunctional regulators of vertebrate development// Genes Dev. 1996. V. 10. P. 1580 1594.
- Hogan B. L. M. Morphogenesis // Cell. 1999. V. 96. P. 225 233.
- Holland D. В., Roberts S. G., Cunliffe W. J. Localization of keratin 17 mRNA in acne // J. Invest. Dermatol. 1997. V. 108. P. 384.
- Huber O., Korn R., McLaughlin J., Ohsugi M., Herrmann B. G., Kemler R. Nuclear localization of beta-catenin by interaction with transcription factor LEF-1 // Mech. Dev. 1996. V. 59. P. 3 10.
- Huelsken J., Birchmeier W., Behrens J. E-cadherin and APC compete for the interaction with beta-catenin and cytoskeleton // J. Cell Biol. 1994. V. 127. P. 2061 -2069.
- Huelsken J., Vogel R., Brinkmann V., Erdmann В., Birchmeier C., Birchmeier W. Requirement for beta-catenin in anterior-posterior axis formation in mice // J. Cell Biol. 2000. V. 148. P. 567 578.
- Itasaki N., Jones С. M., Mercurio S., Rowe A., Domingos P. M., Smith J. C., Krumlauf R. Wise, a context-dependent activator and inhibitor of Wnt signalling // Development. 2003. V. 130. P. 4295 4305.
- Jepsen K., Rosenfeld M. G. Biological roles and mechanistic actions of compressor complexes // J. Cell Sci. 2002. V. 115. P. 689 698.
- Kameda Т., Koike C., Saitoh K., Kuroiwa A., Iba H. Developmental patterning in chondrocytic cultures by morphogenic gradients: BMP induces expression of indian hedgehog and noggin // Genes Cells. 1999. V. 4. P. 175- 184.
- Knutson J. C., Poland A. Response of murine epidermis to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin: interaction of the ah and hr loci // Cell. 1982. V. 30. P. 225−234.
- Kratochwil K., Dull M., Farinas I., Galceran J., Grosschedl R. Lefl expression is activated by BMP-4 and regulates inductive tissue interactions in tooth and hair development // Genes Dev. 1996. V. 10. P. 1382- 1394.
- Kulessa H., Turk G., Hogan B. L. M. Inhibition of Bmp signaling affects growth and differentiation in the anagen hair follicle // EMBO J. 2000. V. 19. P. 6664−6674.
- LaBonne C., Bonner-Fraser M. Neural crest induction in Xenopus: evidence for a two-signal model // Development. 1998. V. 125. P. 2403 -2414.
- Lamb Т. M., Knecht А. К., Smith W. С., Stachel S. E., Economides A. N" Stahl N., Yancopolous G. D., Harland R. M. Neural induction by the secreted polypeptide noggin// Science. 1993. V. 262. P. 713 718.
- Lane T. F., Leder P. Wnt-lOb directs hypermorphic development and transformation in mammary glands of male and female mice // Oncogene. 1997. V. 15. P. 2133−2144.
- Laurikkala J., Kassai Y., Pakkasjarvi L., Thesleff I., Itoh N. Identification of a secreted BMP antagonist, ectodin, integrating BMP, FGF, and SHH signals from the tooth enamel knot // Dev. Biol. 2003. V. 264. P. 91 105.
- Legue E., Nicolas J. F. Hair follicle renewal: organization of stem cells in the matrix and the role of stereotype lineages and behaviors // Development. 2005. V. 132. P. 4143 4154.
- Lowry W. E., Blanpain C., Nowak J. A., Guasch G., Lewis L., Fuchs E. Defining the impact of beta-catenin/Tcf transactivation on epithelial stem cells // Genes Dev. 2005. V. 19. P. 1596 1611.
- Lowry W. E., Richter L. Signaling in adult stem cells // Front. Biosci. 2007. V. 12. P. 3911 -3927.
- Lyon M. F., Rastan S., Brown S. D. M. Genetic variants and strains of the laboratory mouse / Oxford University Press. 1996.
- Lyons К. M., Pelton R. W., Hogan B. L. Organogenesis and pattern formation in mouse: RNA distribution patterns suggest a role for bone morphogenetic protein-2A (BMP-2A) //Development. 1990. V. 833 844.
- Ma С. В., Kawamura S., Deng X. H., Ying L., Schneidkraut J., Hays P., Rodeo S. A. Bone morphogenetic proteins-signaling plays a role in tendonto-bone healing: a study of rhBMP-2 and noggin // Am. J. Sports Med.1 132 007. V. 35. P. 597 604.
- Mangelsdorf D. J., Thummel C., Beato M., Herrlich P., Schultz G., Umesono K., Blumberg В., Kastner P., Mark M., Chambon P., Evans R. M. The nuclear receptor superfamily: the second decade // Cell. 1995. V. 83. P. 835 839.
- Mann S. J. Hair loss and cyst formation in hairless and rhino mutant mice // Anat. Rec. 1971. V. 170. P. 485−500.
- Matsuzaki T. Technologies for hair reconstruction and their applicability for pharmaceutical research // Yakugaku Zasshi. 2008. V. 128. P. 11 20.
- McGrew L., Lai C.-J., Moon R. Specification of the anterioposterior neural axis through synergistic interaction of the Wnt signalling cascade with noggin and follistatin // Dev. Biol. 1995. V. 172. P. 337 342.
- McKenna N. J., O’Malley B. W. Combinatorial control of gene expression by nuclear receptors and coregulators // Cell. 2002. V. 108. P. 465 474.
- McMahon J. A., Takada S., Zimmerman L. В., Fan С. M., Harland R. M., McMahon A. P. Noggin-mediated antagonism of BMP signaling is required for growth and patterning of the neural tube and somite // Genes Dev. 1998. V. 12. P. 1438 1452.
- Merino R., Ganan Y., Macias D., Economides A. N., Sampath К. Т., Hurle J. M. Morphogenesis of digits in the avian limb is controlled by FGFs, TGFbetas, and noggin through BMP signaling // Dev. Biol. 1998. V. 200. P. 35−45.
- Merrill B. J., Gat U., DasGupta R., Fuchs E. Tcf3 and Lefl regulate lineage differentiation of multipotent stem cells in skin // Genes Dev. 2001. V. 15. P. 1688- 1705.
- Mill P., Mo R., Fu H., Grachtchouk M., Kim P. C., Dlugosz A. A., Hui C.114
- С. Sonic hedgehog-dependent activation of Gli2 is essential for embryonic hair follicle development // Genes Dev. 2003. V. 17. P. 282 294.
- Millar S. E. The role of patterning genes in epidermal differentiation. In: Cowin P., Klymkowsky M. (eds.). Cytoskeletal-Membrane Interactions and Signal Transduction / Landes Bioscience Austin, TX. 1997. P. 87 102.
- Millar S. E., Willert K., Salinas P. C., Roelink H., Nusse R., Sussman D. J., Barsh G. S. WNT signaling in the control of hair growth and structure // Dev. Biol. 1999. V. 207. P. 133 149.
- Miller-Bertoglio V. E., Fisher S., Sanchez A., Mullins M. C., Halpem M. E. Differential regulation of chordin expression domains in mutant zebrafish // Dev. Biol. 1997. V. 192. P. 537 550.
- Miyazaki Y., Oshima K., Fogo A., Hogan B. L., Ichikawa I. Bone morphogenetic protein 4 regulates the budding site and elongation of the mouse ureter // J. Clin. Invest. 2000. V. 105. P. 863 873.
- Montagna W., Chase H. В., Melaragno H. P. The skin of hairless mice. The formation of cysts and the distribution of lipids // J. Invest. Dermatol. 1952. V. 19. P. 83 94.
- Moon R. Т., Campbell R. M., Christian J. L., McGrew L. L., Shih J., Fraser S. Xwnt-5A: a metrnal Wnt that affects morphogenetic movements after overexpression in embryos of Xenopus laevis // Development. 1993. V. 119. P. 97−111.
- Moraitis A. N., Giguere V., Thompson С. C. Novel mechanism of nuclear receptor corepressor interaction dictated by activation function 2 helix determinants // Mol. Cell. Biol. 2002. V. 22. P. 6831 6841.
- Morris R. J., Liu Y., Males L., Yang Z., Trempus C., Li S., Lin J. S., Sawicki J. A., Cotsarelis G. Capturing and profiling adult hair follicle stem cells //Nat. Biotechnol. 2004. V. 22. P. 411 417.
- Morris R. J., Tryson K. A., Wu K. Q. Evidence that the epidermal targets of carcinogen action are found in the interfollicular epidermis ofinfundibulum as well as in the hair follicles // Cancer Res. 2000. V. 60. P.115 226.229.
- Nehls M., Pfeifer D., Schorpp M., Hedrich H., Boehm T. New member of the windeg-helix protein family disrupted in mouse and rat nude mutations //Nature. 1994. V. 372. P. 103 107.
- Neubuser A., Peters H., Balling R., Martin G. R. Antagonistic interactions between FGF and BMP signaling pathways: a mechanism for positioning the sites of tooth formation // Cell. 1997. V. 90. P. 247 255.
- Niemann C., Watt F. M. Designer skin: lineage commitment in postnatal epidermis // Trends Cell Biol. 2002. V. 12. P. 185 192.
- Nonchev S., Brancaz M. V., Folco E., Romero Y., Iratni R. The mouse hairless gene: its function in hair root and at the heart of a subtle pleiotropy // Med. Sci. (Paris). 2006. V. 22. P. 525 530.
- Noramly S., Freeman A., Morgan B. A. Beta-catenin signaling can initiate feather bud development//Development. 1999. V. 126. P. 3509−3521.
- Noramly S., Morgan B. A. BMPs mediate lateral inhibition at successive stages in feather tract development // Development. 1998. V. 125. P. 3775 -3787.
- Nusse R., van Ooyen A., Cox D., Fung Y. K., Varmus H. Mode of proviral activation of a putative mammary oncogene (int-1) on mouse chromosome 15 //Nature. 1984. V. 307. P. 131 136.
- Oshima H., Rochat A., Kedzia C., Kobayashi K., Barrandon Y. Morphogenesis and renewal of hair follicles from adult multipotent stem cells // Cell. 2001. V. 104. P. 233−245.
- Panteleyev A. A., Paus R., Wanner R., Nurnberg W., Eichmuller S., Thiel R., Zhang J., Henz В. M., Rosenbach T. Keratin 17 gene expression during the murine hair cycle // J. Invest. Dermatol. 1997. V. 108. P. 324 329.
- Panteleyev A. A., van der Veen C., Rosenbach Т., Muller-Rover S., Sokolov V. E., Paus R. Towards defining the pathogenesis of the hairless phenotype // J. Invest. Dermatol. 1998. V. 110. P. 902 907.
- Park H. L., Bai C., Piatt K. A., Matise M. P., Beeghly A., Hui С. C., Nakashima M., Joyner A. L. Mouse Glil mutants are viable but have defects in SHH signaling in combination with a Gli2 mutation // Development. 2000. V. 127. P. 1593 1605.
- Paus R., Cotsarelis G. The biology of hair follicles // N. Engl. J. Med. 1999. V. 341. P. 491−497.
- Paus R., Foitzik K., Welker P., Bulfone-Paus S" Eichmuller S. Transforming growth factor-beta receptor type I and type II expression during murine hair follicle development and cycling // J. Invest. Dermatol. 1997. V. 109. P. 518- 526.
- Pera E. M., De Robertis E. M. A direct screen for secreted proteins in Xenopus embryos identifies distinct activities for the Wnt antagonists Crescent and Frzb-1 // Mech. Dev. 2000. V. 96. P. 183 195.
- Pereira R. C., Rydziel S., Canalis E. Bone morphogenetic protein-4 regulates its own expression in cultured osteoblasts // J. Cell. Physiol. 2000. V. 182. P. 239−246.
- Perrimon N., McMahon A. P. Negative feedback mechanisms and their roles during pattern formation // Cell. 2000. V. 97. P. 13 16.
- Philpott M. P., Paus R. Principles of hair follicle morphogenesis. In: Chuong С. M. (ed.). Molecular Basis of Epithelial Appendage Morphogenesis / Landes Bioscience Publishers. 1998. P. 75 — 103.
- Pinkus H., Iwasaki Т., Mishima Y. Outer root sheath keratinization in anagen and catagen of the mammalian hair follicle. A seventh distinct type of keratinization in the hair follicle: trichilemmal keratinization // J. Anat. 1981. V. 133. P. 19−35.
- Pispa J., Jung H. S., Jernvall J., Kettunen P., Mustonen Т., Tabata M. J., Kere J., Thesleff I. Cusp patterning defect in Tabby mouse teeth and its partial rescue by FGF // Dev. Biol. 1999. V. 216. P. 521 534.
- Plikus M. V., Mayer J. A., de la Cruz D., Baker R. E., Maini P. K., Maxson R., Chuong C.-M. Cyclic dermal BMP signalling regulates stem cell activation during hair regeneration // Nature. 2008. V. 451. P. 340 345.
- Poland A., Knutson J. C., Glover E. Histologic changes produced by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in the skin of mice carrying mutations that affect the integument // J. Invest. Dermatol. 1984. V. 83. P. 454 459.
- Potter G. В., Beaudoin G. M. Ill, DeRenzo C. L., Zarach J. M., Chen S. H., Thompson С. C. The hairless gene mutated in congenital hair loss disorders encodes a novel nuclear receptor corepressor // Genes Dev. 2001. V. 15. P. 2687−2701.
- Privalsky M. L. The role of corepressors in transcriptional regulation by nuclear hormone receptors // Annu. Rev. Physiol. 2004. V. 66. P. 315 -360.
- Rasmussen J. Т., Deardorff M. A., Tan C., Rao M. S., Klein P. S., Vetter M. L. Regulation of eye development by frizzled signaling in Xenopus // Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2001. V. 98. P. 3861 3866.
- Rebrikov D. V., Trofimov D. Yu. Real-time PCR: a review of approaches to data analysis // Applied Biochem. Microbiol. 2006. V. 42. P. 455 463.
- Rendl M., Lewis L., Fuchs E. A. Molecular dissection of mesenchymal-epithelial interactions in the hair follicle // PLoS Biology. 2005. V. 3. P. 1910−1924.
- Rijsewijk F., Schuermann M., Wagenaar E., Parren P., Weigel D., Nusse R. The Drosophila homolog of the mouse mammary oncogene int-1 i identical to the segment polarity gene wingless // Cell. 1987. V. 50. P. 649 -657.
- Saint-Jeannet J. P., He X., Varmus H. E., Dawid I. B. Regulation of dorsal fate in the neuraxis by Wnt-1 and Wnt-3a // Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 1997. V. 94. P. 13 713 13 718.
- Saito H., Yasumoto K., Takeda K., Takahashi K., Yamamoto H., Shibahara S. Microphtalmia-associated transcription factor in the Wnt signaling pathway // Pigment Cell Res. 2003. V. 16. P. 261 265.
- Sasai Y., De Robertis E. M. Ectodermal patterning in vertebrate embryos // Dev. Biol. 1997. V. 182. P. 5 20.
- Sato N., Leopold P. L., Crystal R. G. Induction of the hair growth phase in postnatal mice by localized transient expression of Sonic hedgehog // J. Clin. Invest. 1999. V. 104. P. 855 864.
- Schmitt A., Rochat A., Zeltner R., Borenstein L., Barrandon Y., Wettstein F. O., Iftner T. The primary target cells of the high-risk cottontail rabbit papillomavirus colocalize with hair follicle stem cells // J. Virol. 1996. V. 70. P. 1912−1922.
- Schulte-Merker S., Lee K. J., McMahon A. P., Hammerschmidt M. The zebrafish organizer requires chordino //Nature. 1997. V. 387. P. 862- 863.
- Sengel P. Morphogenesis of Skin / Cambridge University Press. 1976.
- Sheldahl L., Park M., Malbon C., Moon R. Protein kinase С is differentially stimulated by Wnt and Frizzled homologs in a G-protein-dependent manner // Curr. Biol. 1999. V. 9. P. 695 698.
- Springer I. N., Warnke P. H" Terheyden H., Acil Y., Bulhoff A., Kuchenbecker S., Bolte H., Russo P. A., Vairaktaris E. G., Wiltfang J. Craniectomy and noggin application in an infant model // J. Craniomaxillofac. Surg. 2007. V. 35. P. 177−184.
- Steinberg M. S., McNuyy P. M. Cadherins and their connections: adhesion junctions have broader functions // Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 1999. V. 11. P. 554 560.
- Stenn K. S., Paus R. Controls of hair follicle cycling // Physiol. Rev. 2001. V. 81. P. 449−494.
- St-Jacques В., Dassule H. R., Karavanova I., Botchkarev V. A., Li J., Danielian P. S., McMahon J. A., Lewis P. M., Paus R., McMahon A. P. Sonic hedgehog signaling is essential for hair development // Curr. Biol. 1998. V. 8. P. 1058- 1068.
- Stottman R. W., Anderson R. M., Klingensmith J. The BMP antagonists Chordin and Noggin have essential but rebundant roles in mouse mandibular outgrowth // Dev. Biol. 2001. V. 240. P. 457 473.
- Stoye J. P., Fenner S., Greenoak G. E., Moran C., Coffin J. M. Role of endogenous retroviruses as mutagens: the hairless mutation of mice // Cell. 1988. V. 54. P. 383 -391.
- Sundberg J. P. The hairless and rhino mutations, chromosome 14 / Sundberg J. P. (ed.). Handbook of Mouse Mutations with Skin and Hair Abnormalities. CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1994. P. 291 312.
- Taipale J., Cooper M. K., Maiti Т., Beachy P. A. Patched acts catalytically to suppress the activity of smoothened // Nature. 2002. V. 418. P. 892 -897.
- Takahashi H., Ikeda T. Transcripts for two members of transforming growth factor-beta superfamily BMP-3 and BMP-7 are expressed in developing rat embryos // Dev. Dyn. 1996. V. 207. P. 439 449.
- Tamai K., Setnenov M., Kato Y., Spokony R., Liu C., Katsuyama Y., Hess F., Saint-Jeannet J.-P., He X. LDL-receptor-related proteins in Wnt signal transduction // Nature. 2000. V. 407. P. 530 535.
- Taylor G., Lehrer M. S., Jensen P. J., Sun Т. Т., Lavker R. M. Involvement of follicular stem cells in forming not only the follicle but also the epidermis // Cell. 2000. V. 102. P. 451 461.
- Thomas B. L., Tucker A. S., Qui M., Ferguson C. A., Hardcastle Z., Rubcnstein J. L., Sharpe P. T. Role of Dlx-1 and Dlx-2 genes in patterning of the murine dentition // Development. 1997. V. 124. P. 4811 4818.
- Thompson С. C., Bottcher M. C. The Product of a Thyroid hormone responsive gene interacts with thyroid hormone receptors // Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 1997. V. 94. P. 8527−8532.
- Trempus C. S., Morris R. J., Bortner C. D., Cotsarelis G., Faircloth R. S., Reece J. M., Tennant R. W. Enrichment for living murine keratinocytesfrom the hair follicle bulge with the cell surface marker CD34 // J. Invest.121
- Dermatol. 2003. V. 120. P. 501−511.
- Vielkind U., Hardy M. H. Changing patterns of cell adhesion molecules during mouse pelage hair follicle development. 2. Follicle morphogenesis in the hair mutants, Tabby and downy // Acta Anat. 1996. V. 157. P. 183 -194.
- Viti J., Gulacsi A., Lillien L. Wnt regulation of progenitor maturation in the cortex depends on Shh or fibroblast growth factor 2 // J. Neurosci. 2003. V. 23. P. 5919−5927.
- Von Bubnoff A., Cho K. W. Intracellular BMP signaling regulation in vertebrates: pathway or network // Dev. Biol. 2001. V. 239. P. 1 14.
- Wang J., Shackleford G. M. Murine WntlOa and WntlOb: cloning and expression in developing limbs, face and skin of embryos and in adults // Oncogene. 1996. V. 13. P. 1537- 1544.
- Widelitz R. В., Jiang Т. X., Noveen A., Chen C. W., Chuong С. M. FGF induces new feather buds from developing avian skin // J. Invest. Dermatol. 1996. V. 107. P. 797−803.
- Wilson N., Hynd P. I., Powell В. C. The role of BMP-2 and BMP-4 in follicle initiation and the murine hair cycle // Exp. Dermatol. 1999. V. 8. P. 367−368.
- Winkler D. G., Sutherland M. S., Ojala E., Turcott E., Geoghegan J. C.,
- Shpektor D., Skonier J. E., Yu C., Latham J. A. Sclerostin inhibition of
- Wnt-3a-induced C3H10T½ cell differentiation is indirect and mediated by122bone morphogenetic proteins // J. Biol. Chem. 2005. V. 280. P. 2498 -2502.
- Wong M. L., Medrano J. F. Real-time PCR for mRNA quantitation // Biotechniques. 2005. V. 39. P. 75 85.
- Wu W., Glinka A., Delius H., Niehrs C. Mutual antagonism between dickkopfl and dickkopf2 regulates Wnt/beta-catenin signalling // Curr. Biol. 2000. V. 10. P. 1611 1614.
- Yamaguchi T. P., Bradley A., McMahon A. P., Jones S. A Wnt5a pathway underlies outgrowth of multiple structures in the vertebrate embryo // Development. 1999. V. 126. P. 1211 1223.
- Ying Q., Nichols J., Chambers I., Smith A. BMP induction of Id proteins suppresses differentiation and sustains embryonic stem cell self renewal in collaboration with STAT3 // Cell. 2003. V. 115. P. 281 292.
- Zarach J. M., Beaudoin G. M. J. Ill, Coulombe P. A., Thompson С. C. The co-repressor hairless has a role in epithelial cell differentiation in the skin // Development. 2004. V. 131. P. 4189−4200.
- Zhang J.-T., Fang S.-G., Wang C.-Y. A novel nonsense mutation and polymorphisms in the mouse hairless gene // J. Invest. Dermatol. 2005. V. 124. P. 1200- 1205.
- Zhao G. Q., Hogan B. L. Evidence that mouse Bmp8a (Op2) and Bmp8b are duplicated genes that play a role in spermatogenesis and placental development // Mech. Dev. 1996. V. 57. P. 159 168.
- Zhou P., Byrne C., Jacobs J., Fuchs E. Lymphoid enhancer factor 1 directs hair follicle patterning and epithelial cell fate // Genes Dev. 1995. V. 9. P. 700−713.
- Zuniga A., Haramis A. P., McMahon A. P., Zeller R. Signal relay by BMP antagonism controls the SHH/FGF4 feedback loop in vertebrate limb buds // Nature. 1999. V. 401. P. 598 602.