Наблюдательная космология и изучение межгалактической среды по рентгеновским данным о скоплениях галактик
Диссертация
Наблюдаемая эволюция приводит к довольно точному измерению комбинации параметра плотности Вселенной (2 и космологической постоянной Л: й + О. ЗЛ = 0.48 ± 0.08. Соответствующая полоса пересекается с ограничениями на Q и Л, следующими из наблюдений флуктуаций реликтового фона и сверхновых типа 1а на больших z, в малой окрестности вокруг точки Q = 0.3 и, А = 0.7. Замечательное согласие независимых… Читать ещё >
Содержание
- Введение
- 1. Методы
- 2. Вэйвлет-разложение
- 1. Простейший вариант вэйвлет-анализа
- Темная материя в центральных галактиках скопления Кома
- 2. Мотивация метода вэйвлет-разложения
- 3. Идея метода вэйвлет-разложения
- 4. Подавление шума
- Порог детектирования
- Порог фильтрации
- Учет вариации чувствительности и фона
- 5. Остаток падения группы галактик в скопление Кома
- 3. I Высокочувствительное детектирование точечных источников
- 6. Оптимальный фильтр
- 7. Калибровка процедуры детектирования методом Монте-Карло
- Калибровка порогов детектирования
- Калибровка вероятности детектирования источников
- Калибровка измерений интенсивности
- 8. Измерение кривой подсчетов источников
- Аналитическое вычисление кривой чувствительности
- Численное моделирование коррекции кривой подсчетов
- Подсчеты источников по данным спутника РОСАТ
- 4. Автоматический поиск далеких скоплений
- 9. Общие идеи
- 10. Детектирование кандидатов в протяженные источники
- 11. Классификация источников как точечных и протяженных
- Изолированные скопления
- Неизолированные скопления
- Окончательный отбор протяженных источников. if Реальный пример детектирования скоплений
- II. Наблюдения
- 5. Каталог далеких скоплений галактик
- 12. Рентгеновские данные
- 13. Измерение рентгеновских характеристик
- Точность определения положения
- Радиус скоплений
- Рентгеновский поток
- 14. Оптические наблюдения
- Оптическая идентификация рентгеновских источников
- Измерение красных смещений
- Список скоплений
- 16. Калибровка статистических свойств
- Вероятность детектирования скоплений
- Искажения и разброс измерений потока и радиуса
- Количество ложных источников
- Зависимость площади обзора от рентгеновского потока
- 17. Кривая подсчетов скоплений
- 18. Эволюция радиусов скоплений
- 6. Эволюция скоплений на больших красных смещениях
- 19. Эволюция функции светимости
- 20. Эволюция соотношений L — T — M
- Данные
- Результаты
- 7. Определение ?2 и Л по эволюции функции барионных масс
- 21. Основные идеи
- 22. Пространственное распределение барионов в близких скоплениях
- Подборка скоплений и анализ данных спутника РОСАТ
- Аналитическая аппроксимация профилей яркости
- Распределение плотности межгалактического газа
- 23. Дальнейшие исследования близких скоплений
- 24. Наблюдаемая функция барионных масс скоплений на больших г.. 1^
- Измерения массы барионов
- Определение объема обзора
- Функция масс
- 25. Наблюдаемая эволюция и значения Q и Л
- Теоретические основы
- Переход от функции масс к функции барионных масс скоплений
- Результаты
- 8. Необычные объекты, обнаруженные в обзоре 160d
- 26. Гигантские изолированные эллиптические галактики
- Подборка объектов и их основные свойства
- Наблюдение объекта 1159+5531 обсерваторией «Чандра»
- Обсуждение результатов
- 27. Линзирование квазара в 0921+
- 28. Далекое скопление на фоне близкой группы
- III. Физическое состояние межгалактического газа скоплений
- 9. Холодный фронт в А
- 29. Наблюдение скопления А3667 обсерваторией «Чандра»
- Изображение и карта температуры
- Профили яркости и температуры
- 30. Гидродинамические эффекты вблизи холодного фронта
- Скорость движения фронта
- Стационарность формы холодного фронта
- 31. Подавление процессов переноса
- 32. Структура и напряженность магнитного поля
- Гидродинамическая неустойчивость фронта
- Подавление неустойчивости магнитным полем
- 10. Межзвездная и межгалактическая среда в галактиках Комы
- 33. Наблюдения
- 34. Результаты
- Баланс давлений межзвездной и межгалактической среды
- Характерные времена процессов в межзвездной среде
- Локальный тепловой баланс в NGC
- Устойчивость состояния теплового баланса
Список литературы
- Zwicky, F., On the Masses of Nebulae and of Clusters of Nebulae, ApJ, 1937, 86, 217.
- Springel, V., White, S. D. M., Tormen, G., Kauffmann, G., Populating a cluster of galaxies -1. Results at z = 0, MNRAS, 2001, 328, 726.1.nden-Bell, D., Statistical mechanics of violent relaxation in stellar systems, MNRAS, 1967, 136, 101.
- Evrard, A. E., Beyond N-body 3D cosmological gas dynamics, MNRAS, 1988, 235, 911.
- Bertschinger, E., Self-similar secondary infall and accretion in an Einstein-de Sitter universe, ApJS, 1985, 58, 39.
- Buries, S., Nollett, К. M., Turner, M. S., Big Bang Nucleosynthesis Predictions for Precision Cosmology, ApJ, 2001, 552, LI.
- White, S. D. M., Navarro, J. F., Evrard, A. E" Frenk, C. S" The Baryon Content of Galaxy Clusters a Challenge to Cosmological Orthodoxy, Nature, 1993, 366, 429.
- Sunyaev, R. A., Zel’dovich, Y. В., The observations of relic radiation as a test of the nature of X-ray radiation from the clusters of galaxies, Comments on Astrophysics and Space Physics, 1972, 4, 173.
- Silk, J., White, S. D. M., The determination of qo using X-ray and microwave observations of galaxy clusters, ApJ, 1978, 226, L103.
- Smoot, G. F., Bennett, C. L., Kogut, A., et al., Structure in the СОВЕ differential microwave radiometer first-year maps, ApJ, 1992, 396, LI.
- Струков, И. А., Брюханов, А. А., Скулачев, Д. П., Сажин, М. В., Анизотропия микроволнового фона, Письма в АЖ, 1992, 18, 153.
- Hanany, S., Ade, P., Balbi, A., et al., MAXIMA-1: A Measurement of the Cosmic Microwave Background Anisotropy on Angular Scales of 10' — 5°, ApJ, 2000, 545, L5.
- Halverson, N. W., Leitch, E. M., Pryke, C., et a)., Degree Angular Scale Interferometer first results: a measurement of the cosmic microwave background angular power spectrum, ApJ, 2002, 568, 38.
- Sievers, J. L., Bond, J. R., Cartwright, J. K., et al., Cosmological parameters from Cosmic Background Imager observations and comparisons with BOOMERANG, DASI, and MAXIMA, astro-ph/205 387.
- Taylor, A. C., et al., First results from the Very Small Array II. Observations of the CMB, astro-ph/205 381.
- Riess, A. G., Filippenko, A. V., Challis, P., et al., Observational Evidence from Supernovae for an Accelerating Universe and a Cosmological Constant, AJ, 1998, 116, 1009.
- Perlmutter, S., Aldering, G., Goldhaber, G., et al., Measurements of Omega and Lambda from 42 High-Redshift Supernovae, ApJ, 1999, 517, 565.
- Efstathiou, G., Moody, S., Peacock, J. A., et al., Evidence for a non-zero A and a low matter density from a combined analysis of the 2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey and cosmic microwave background anisotropies, MNRAS, 2002, 330, L29.
- Eisenstein, D. J., Hu, W., Tegmark, M., Cosmic Complementarity: Joint Parameter Estimation from Cosmic Microwave Background Experiments and Redshift Surveys, ApJ, 1999, 518, 2.
- Hubble, E., Humason, M. L., The velocity-distance relation among extra-galactic nebulae, ApJ, 1931, 74, 43.
- Freedman, W. L., Madore, B. F., Gibson, В. K., et al., Final results from the Hubble Space Telescope key project to measure the Hubble constant, ApJ, 2001, 553, 47.
- Abell, G. O., The distribution of rich clusters of galaxies., ApJS, 1958, 3, 211.
- Raymond, J. C., Smith, B. W., Soft X-ray spectrum of a hot plasma, ApJS, 1977, 35, 419.
- Mewe, R., Gronenschild, E. H. В. M., van den Oord, G. H. J., Calculated X-radiation from optically thin plasmas, 1985, 62, 197.
- Sarazin, C. L., The physics of cluster mergers, in Merging Processes in Clusters of Galaxies (Dordrecht: Kluwer, 2001) astro-ph/105 418.
- Jenkins, A., Frenk, C. S., Pearce, F. R., et al., Evolution of structure in Cold Dark Matter universes, ApJ, 1998, 499, 20.
- Kravtsov, A. V., KJypin, A., Hoffman, Y., Constrained simulations of the real universe. II. Observational signatures of intergalactic gas in the local supercluster region, ApJ, 2002, 571, 563.
- Cen, R., Ostriker, J. P., A hydrodynamic approach to cosmology: The mixed dark matter cosmological scenario, ApJ, 1994, 431, 451.
- Peebles, P. J. E., The large-scale structure of the universe (Princeton University Press, 1980).
- Donahue, M., Voit, G. M., flm from the temperature-redshift distribution of EMSS clusters of galaxies, ApJ, 1999, 523, LI 37. ш
- Eke, V. R., Cole, S., Frenk, C. S., Patrick Henry, J., Measuring Qo using cluster evolution, MNRAS, 1998, 298, 1145.
- Henry, J. P., Measuring Cosmological Parameters from the Evolution of Cluster X-Ray Temperatures, ApJ, 2000, 534, 565.
- Blanchard, A., Sadat, R., Bartlett, J. G., Le Dour, M., A new local temperature distribution function for X-ray clusters: cosmological applications, 2000, 362, 809.
- Reichart, D. E" Nichol, R. C., Castander, F. J., Burke, D. J., Romer, A. K., Holden, B. P., Collins, C. A., Ulmer, M. P., A Deficit of high-redshift, high-luminosity x-ray clusters: evidence for a high value of ClmP, ApJ, 1999, 518, 521.
- Grebenev, S. A., Forman, W., Jones, C., Murray, S., Wavelet transform analysis of the small-scale X-ray structure of the cluster Abell 1367, ApJ, 1995, 445, 607.
- Slezak, E., Durret, F., Gerbal, D., A wavelet analysis search for substructures in eleven X-ray clusters of galaxies, AJ, 1994, 108, 1996.
- Briel, U. G., Henry, J. P., Bohringer, H., Observation of the Coma cluster of galaxies with ROSAT during the All-Sky survey, A&A, 1992, 259, L31.
- White, S. D. M., Briel, U. G., Henry, J. P., X-ray archaeology in the Coma cluster, MNRAS, 1993, 261, L8.
- Vikhlinin, A., Forman, W., Jones, C., Mass concentrations associated with extended X-ray sources in the core of the Coma cluster, ApJ, 1994, 435, 162.
- Sarazin, C. L., X-ray observations of clusters of galaxies, Rev. Mod. Phys., 1986, 58, 1.
- Merritt, D., Relaxation and tidal stripping in rich clusters of galaxies. Ill Growth of a massive central galaxy, ApJ, 1985, 289, 18.
- Vikhlinin, A., Forman, W., Jones, C., Another collision for the Coma cluster, ApJ, 1997, 474, L7.
- Vikhlinin, A., McNamara, B. R., Forman, W., Jones, C., Quintana, H., Hornstrup, A., A catalog of 203 galaxy clusters serendipitously detected in the ROSATPSPCpointed observations, ApJ, 1998, 502, 558.
- Starck, J.-L., Murtagh, F., Image restoration with noise suppression using the wavelet transform, A&A, 1994, 288, 342.
- Starck, J.-L., Pierre, M., Structure detection in low intensity X-ray images, A&AS, 1998, 128, 397.
- Gehrels, N., Confidence limits for small numbers of events in astrophysical data, ApJ, 1986, 303, 336.
- Cowie, L. L., McKee, C. F., The evaporation of spherical clouds in a hot gas. I — Classical and saturated mass loss rates, ApJ, 1977, 211, 135.
- Vikhlinin, A., Forman, W., Jones, C., Murray, S., Matched filter source detection applied to the ROSAT PSPC and the determination of the number-flux relation, ApJ, 1995, 451, 542.
- Pratt, W. K., Digital image processing (New York: JW, 1978).
- Hasinger, G., Boese, G., Predehl, P., Turner, Т., Yusaf, R., George, I., Rohrbach, G., ROSAT PSPC: The off-axis point spread function, GSFC OGIP Calibration Memo CAL/ROS/93−015, 1993.
- Maccacaro, Т., Gioia, I. M., Zamorani, G., et al., A medium sensitivity X-ray survey using the Einstein Observatory The log N-log S relation for extragalactic X-ray sources, ApJ, 1982, 253, 504.
- Hasinger, G., Burg, R., Giacconi, R., Hartner, G., Schmidt, M., Trumper, J., Zamorani, G., A deep X-ray survey in the Lockman Hole and the soft X-ray LogN-LogS, A&A, 1993, 275, 1.
- Eddington, A. S., The correction of statistics for accidental error, MNRAS, 1940, 100, 354.
- Murdoch, H. S., Crawford, D. F., Jauncey, D. L., Maximum-Likelihood Estimation of the Number-Flux Distribution of Radio Sources in the Presence of Noise and Confusion, ApJ, 1973, 183, 1.
- Schmitt, J. H. M. M., Maccacaro, Т., Number-counts slope estimation in the presence of Poisson noise, ApJ, 1986, 310, 334.
- Vikhlinin, A., Forman, W., Detection of the angular correlation of faint X-ray sources, ApJ, 1995, 455, L109.
- Boyle, B. J., Griffiths, R. E., Shanks, Т., Stewart, G. C., Georgantopoulos, I., A deep ROSAT survey. I The QSO X-ray luminosity function, MNRAS, 1993, 260, 49.
- Tozzi, P., Rosati, P., Nonino, M., et al., New Results from the X-Ray and Optical Survey of the Chandra Deep Field-South: The 300 Kilosecond Exposure. II., ApJ, 2001, 562, 42.
- Brandt, W. N., Alexander, D. M., Hornschemeier, A. E., et al., The Chandra Deep Field North Survey. V. 1 Ms Source Catalogs, AJ, 2001, 122, 2810.
- Morelli, A., Lazzati, D., Campana, S., Tagliaferri, G., The Brera Multiscale Wavelet Detection Algorithm Applied to the Chandra Deep Field-South: Deeper and Deeper, ApJ, 2002, 570, 502.
- McNamara, B. R., Vikhlinin, A., Hornstrup, A., Quintana, H., Whitman, K., Forman, W., Jones, C., A Richness Study of 14 Distant X-Ray Clusters from the 160 Square Degree Survey, ApJ, 2001, 558, 590.
- Donahue, M., Scharf, C. A., Mack, J., et al., Distant Cluster Hunting. II. A Comparison of X-Ray and Optical Cluster Detection Techniques and Catalogs from the ROSAT Optical X-Ray Survey, ApJ, 2002, 569, 689.
- Ponman, Т. J., Allan, D. J., Jones, L. R., Merrifield, M., McHardy, I. M., Lehto,
- H. J., Luppino, G. A., A Possible Fossil Galaxy Group, Nature, 1994, 369, 462.
- Gioia, I. M., Maccacaro, Т., Schild, R. E" Wolter, A., Stocke, J. Т., Morris, S. L" Henry, J. P., The Einstein Observatory Extended Medium-Sensitivity Survey. I -X-ray data and analysis, ApJS, 1990, 72, 567.
- Stocke, J. Т., Morris, S. L., Gioia, I. M., Maccacaro, Т., Schild, R" Wolter, A., Fleming, T. A., Henry, J. P., The Einstein Observatory Extended Medium-Sensitivity Survey. II The optical identifications, ApJS, 1991, 76, 813.
- Henry, J. P., Gioia, I. M., Maccacaro, Т., Morris, S. L., Stocke, J. Т., Wolter, A., The extended medium sensitivity survey distant cluster sample X-ray data and interpretation of the luminosity evolution, ApJ, 1992, 386, 408.
- Rosati, P., della Ceca, R., Burg, R., Norman, C., Giacconi, R., A first determination of the surface density of galaxy clusters at very low x-ray fluxes, ApJ, 1995, 445, Lll.
- Rosati, P., della Ceca, R., Norman, C., Giacconi, R., The ROSAT Deep Cluster Survey: The X-Ray Luminosity Function Out to z=0.8, ApJ, 1998, 492, L21.
- Scharf, C. A., Jones, L. R., Ebeling, H., Perlman, E., Malkan, M., Wegner, G., The Wide-Angle ROSAT Pointed X-Ray Survey of Galaxies, Groups, and Clusters.
- Method and First Results, ApJ, 1997, 477, 79.
- Jones, L. R., Scharf, C., Ebeling, H., Perlman, E., Wegner, G., Malkan, M., Horner, D., The WARPS Survey. II. The log N- log S Relation and the X-Ray Evolution of Low-Luminosity Clusters of Galaxies, ApJ, 1998, 495, 100.
- Romer, A. K., Nichol, R. C., Holden, B. P., et al., The Bright SHARC Survey: The Cluster Catalog, ApJS, 2000, 126, 209.
- Jones, C., Forman, W., Einstein Observatory Images of Clusters of Galaxies, ApJ, 1999, 511, 65.
- Perlman, E. S., Horner, D. J., Jones, L. R., Scharf, C. A., Ebeling, H., Wegner, G., Malkan, M., The WARPS Survey. VI. Galaxy Cluster and Source Identifications from Phase I, ApJS, 2002, 140, 265.
- Jones, C., Forman, W., The structure of clusters of galaxies observed with Einstein, ApJ, 1984, 276, 38.
- Ю. А. Розанов, Теория вероятностей, случайные процессы и математическая статистика (М. Наука, 1989).
- Cash, W., Parameter estimation in astronomy through application of the likelihood ratio, ApJ, 1979, 228, 939.
- Д. Худсон, Статистика для физиков (М. Мир, 1967).
- Ebeling, Н&bdquo- Edge, А. С., Fabian, А. С., Allen, S. W., Crawford, С. S., Boehringer, Н., The ROSAT Brightest Cluster Sample (BCS): The Cluster X-Ray Luminosity Function within Z = 0.3, ApJ, 1997, 479, L101.
- Soltan, A. M., Hasinger, G., Egger, R., Snowden, S., Truemper, J., The large scale structure of the soft X-ray background. I. Clusters of galaxies., A&A, 1996, 305, 17.
- Briel, U. G., et al., ROSAT User’s Handbook, Tech. rep., MPE, 1996.1. S.
- Fabian, А. С., Cooling flows in clusters of galaxies, ARA&A, 1994, 32, 277.
- Edge, A. C., Stewart, G. C., Fabian, A. C., Properties of cooling flows in a flux-limited sample of clusters of galaxies, MNRAS, 1992, 258, 177.
- Peterson, J. R., Paerels, F. B. S., Kaastra, J. S., et al., X-ray imaging-spectroscopy of Abell 1835, A&A, 2001, 365, L104.
- Nichol, R. C" Holden, B. P., Romer, A. K" Ulmer, M. P., Burke, D. J., Collins, C. A., Evolution in the X-ray cluster luminosity function revisited, ApJ, 1997, 481, 644.
- Rosati, P., Stanford, S. A., Eisenhardt, P. R., Elston, R., Spinrad, H., Stem, D., Dey, A., An X-ray-selected galaxy cluster at z = 1.26, AJ, 1999, 118, 76.
- Sandage, A., The redshift-distance relation. II. The Hubble diagram and its scatter for first-ranked cluster galaxies: a formal value for qo-, ApJ, 1972, 178, 1.
- Burstein, D., Heiles, C., Reddenings derived from HI and galaxy counts -Accuracy and maps, AJ, 1982, 87, 1165.
- Hudson, M. J., Ebeling, H., The environmental dependence of brightest cluster galaxies: Implications for large-scale flows, ApJ, 1997, 479, 621.
- Schmidt, M., Hasinger, G., Gunn, J., et al., The ROSAT deep survey. II. Optical identification, photometry and spectra of X-ray sources in the Lockman field, A&A, 1998, 329, 495.
- McHardy, I. M., Jones, L. R., Merrifield, M. R., et al., The origin of the cosmic soft X-ray background Optical identification of an extremely deep ROSAT survey, MNRAS, 1998, 295, 641.
- Jones, L. R., Scharf, C. A., Perlman, E., Ebeling, H., Wegner, G., Malkan, M., The WARPS Survey for faint Clusters of Galaxies, in Roentgenstrahlung from the Universe (1996) (pp. 591−592), (pp. 591−592).
- Soneira, R. M., Peebles, P. J. E., A computer model universe Simulation of the nature of the galaxy distribution in the Lick catalog, AJ, 1978, 83, 845.
- Mohr, J. J., Evrard, A. E., Fabricant, D. G., Geller, M. J., Cosmological constraints from observed cluster X-ray morphologies, ApJ, 1995, 447, 8.
- Hattori, M., Ikebe, Y., Asaoka, I., et al., A dark cluster of galaxies at redshift z-1., Nature, 1997, 388, 146.
- Tucker, W. H., Tananbaum, H., Remillard, R. A., A search for 'failed clusters' of galaxies, ApJ, 1995, 444, 532.
- Schechter, P., An analytic expression for the luminosity function for galaxies., ApJ, 1976, 203, 297.
- Peebles, P. J. E., Principles of physical cosmology (Princeton University Press, 1993).
- David, L. P., Slyz, A., Jones, C., Forman, W., Vrtilek, S. D., Arnaud, К. A., A catalog of intracluster gas temperatures, ApJ, 1993, 412, 479.
- Vikhlinin, A., McNamara, B. R., Forman, W., Jones, C., Quintana, H., Hornstrup, A., Evolution of cluster X-ray luminosities and radii: results from the 160 Square Degree ROSAT survey, ApJ, 1998, 498, L21.
- Kaiser, N., Evolution and clustering of rich clusters, MNRAS, 1986, 222, 323.
- Edge, A. C., Stewart, G. C., Fabian, A. C., Arnaud, K. A., An X-ray flux-limited sample of clusters of galaxies evidence for evolution of the luminosity function, MNRAS, 1990, 245, 559.
- Gioia, I. M., Henry, J. P., Maccacaro, Т., Morris, S. L" Stocke, J. Т., Wolter, A., The Extended Medium Sensitivity Survey distant cluster sample X-ray cosmological evolution, ApJ, 1990, 356, L35.
- Vikhlinin, A., VanSpeybroeck, L., Markevitch, M., Forman, W., Grego, L., Evolution of the cluster X-ray scaling relations since z > 0.4, ApJ, 2002, 578, L107.
- Mushotzky, R. F., X-ray emission from clusters of galaxies, Physica Scripta, 1984, 157.
- Markevitch, M., The LX-T Relation and Temperature Function for Nearby Clusters Revisited, ApJ, 1998, 504, 27.
- Mohr, J. J., Mathiesen, В., Evrard, A. E., Properties of the intracluster medium in an ensemble of nearby galaxy clusters, ApJ, 1999, 517, 627.
- Воеводкин, А. А., Вихлинин, А. А., Павлинский, M. H., Распределение масс барионов в близких скоплениях галактик, Письма в АЖ, 2002, в печати.
- Cavaliere, A., Menci, N., Tozzi, P., The luminosity-temperature relation for groups and clusters of galaxies, ApJ, 1997, 484, L21.
- Voit, G. M., Bryan, G. L., Regulation of the X-ray luminosity of clusters of galaxies by cooling and supernova feedback, Nature, 2001, 414, 425.
- Borgani, S., Rosati, P., Tozzi, P., et al., Measuring Qm with the ROSAT Deep Cluster Survey, ApJ, 2001, 561, 13.
- Mushotzky, R. F., Scharf, C. A., The luminosity-temperature relation at z=0.4 for clusters of galaxies, ApJ, 1997, 482, L13.
- Arnaud, M., Aghanim, N., Neumann, D. M., The X-ray surface brightness profiles of hot galaxy clusters up to z ~ 0.8: Evidence for self-similarity and constraints on По, 2002, 389, 1.
- Novicki, M. C., Sornig, M., Henry, J. P., The evolution of the galaxy cluster luminosity-temperature relation, AJ, 2002, в печати.
- Holden, В. P., Stanford, S. A., Squires, G. K., Rosati, P., Tozzi, P., Eisenhardt, P., Spinrad, H., Moderate-temperature clusters of galaxies from the RDCS and the high-redshift luminosity-temperature relation, AJ, 2002, 124, 33.
- Markevitch, M., Vikhlinin, A., Merger shocks in galaxy clusters A665 and A2163 and their relation to radio halos, ApJ, 2001, 563, 95.
- Markevitch, M., On the discrepancy between Chandra and XMM temperature profiles for A1835 astro-ph/205 333.
- White, D. A., Deconvolution ofASCA X-ray data II. Radial temperature and metallicity profiles for 106 galaxy clusters, MNRAS, 2000, 312, 663.
- Воеводкин, А. А., Вихлинин, А. А., Павлинский, M. H., Корреляция массы барионов и температуры межгалактической среды в близких скоплениях галактик, Письма в АЖ, 2002, 28, 417.
- Bryan, G. L, Norman, M. L., Statistical properties of X-ray clusters: analytic and numerical comparisons, ApJ, 1998, 495, 80.
- Bower, R. G., Benson, A. J., Lacey, C. G., Baugh, С. M., Cole, S" Frenk, C. S., The impact of galaxy formation on the X-ray evolution of clusters, MNRAS, 2001, 325, 497.
- Girardi, M., Giuricin, G., Mardirossian, F., Mezzetti, M., Boschin, W., Optical mass estimates of galaxy clusters, ApJ, 1998, 505, 74.
- Evrard, A. E., Metzler, C. A., Navarro, J. F., Mass estimates of X-ray clusters, ApJ, 1996, 469, 494.
- Loeb, A., Mao, S., Evidence from gravitational lensingfor a nonthermal pressure support in the cluster of galaxies Abell 2218, ApJ, 1994, 435, L109.
- Miralda-Escude, J., Babul, A., Gravitational lensing in clusters of galaxies: new clues regarding the dynamics of intracluster gas, ApJ, 1995, 449, 18.
- Miniati, F., Ryu, D., Kang, H., Jones, T. W., Cosmic-ray protons accelerated al cosmological shocks and their impact on groups and clusters of galaxies, ApJ, 2001, 559, 59.
- Markevitch, M., Mushotzky, R., Inoue, H., Yamashita, K., Furuzawa, A., Tawara, Y., Abell 2163: temperature, mass, and hydrostatic equilibrium, ApJ, 1996, 456, 437.
- Narayan, R., Bartelmann, M., Lectures on gravitational lensing (1996) astro-ph/9 606 001.
- Henry, J. P., Arnaud, K. A., A measurement of the mass fluctuation spectrum from the cluster X-ray temperature function, ApJ, 1991, 372, 410.
- Nevalainen, J., Markevitch, M., Forman, W., The cluster M-T relation from temperature profiles observed with ASCA and ROSAT, ApJ, 2000, 532, 694.
- Markevitch, M., Vikhlinin, A., Dark matter and baryon fraction at the virial radius in Abell 2256, ApJ, 1997, 491, 467.
- Markevitch, M., Vikhlinin, A., Forman, W. R., Sarazin, C. L., Mass profiles of the typical relaxed galaxy clusters A2199 andA496, ApJ, 1999, 527, 545.
- Evrard, A. E., MacFarland, T. J., Couchman, H. M. P., et al., Galaxy clusters in Hubble volume simulations: cosmological constraints from sky survey populations, ApJ, 2002, 573, 7.
- Bialek, J. J., Evrard, A. E., Mohr, J. J., Effects of preheating on X-Ray scaling relations in galaxy clusters, ApJ, 2001, 555, 597.
- Allen, S. W., Schmidt, R. W., Fabian, A. C., Cosmological constraints from the X-ray gas mass fraction in relaxed lensing clusters observed with Chandra, MNRAS, 2002, 334, Lll.
- Shimasaku, K., Measuring the Density Fluctuation from the Cluster Gas Mass Function, ApJ, 1997, 489, 501.
- Navarro, J. F., Frenk, C. S., White, S. D. M., A universal density profile from hierarchical clustering, ApJ, 1997, 490, 493.
- Я. Б. Зельдович, И. Д. Новиков, Строение и эволюция Вселенной (М. Наука, 1975).
- Vikhlinin, A., Forman, W., Jones, С., Outer regions of the cluster gaseous atmospheres, ApJ, 1999, 525, 47.
- Peres, С. В., Fabian, A. C., Edge, A. C., Allen, S. W., Johnstone, R. M., White, D. A., A ROSAT study of the cores of clusters of galaxies -1. Cooling flows in an X-ray flux-limited sample, MNRAS, 1998, 298, 416.
- White, D. A., Jones, C., Forman, W., An investigation of cooling flows and general cluster properties from an X-ray image deprojection analysis of 207 clusters of galaxies, MNRAS, 1997, 292, 419.
- Fukazawa, Y., Makishima, K., Tamura, Т., Ezawa, H., Xu, H., Ikebe, Y., Kikuchi, K., Ohashi, Т., ASCA measurements of silicon and iron abundances in the intracluster medium, PASJ, 1998, 50, 187.
- Ebeling, H., Voges, W" Bohringer, H., Edge, A. C" Huchra, J. P., Briel, U. G., Properties of the X-ray-brightest Abell-type clusters of galaxies (XBACs) from ROSAT All-Sky Survey data -1. The sample, MNRAS, 1996, 281, 799.
- Snowden, S. L., McCammon, D., Burrows, D. N., Mendenhall, J. A., Analysis procedures for ROSAT XRT/PSPC observations of extended objects and the diffuse background, ApJ, 1994, 424, 714.
- Cavaliere, A., Fusco-Femiano, R., X-rays from hot plasma in clusters of galaxies, 1976, 49, 137.
- Navarro, J. F., Frenk, C. S., White, S. D. M., Simulations of X-ray clusters, MNRAS, 1995, 275, 720.
- Bartelmann, M., Steinmetz, M., A Comparison of X-ray and Strong Lensing Properties of Simulated X-ray Clusters, MNRAS, 1996, 283, 431.
- Binney, J., Tremaine, S., Galactic dynamics (Princeton Univ. Press, 1994).
- Fabian, А. С., Ни, E. M., Cowie, L. L., Grindlay, J., The distribution and morphology of X-ray-emitting gas in the core of the Perseus cluster, ApJ, 1981, 248, 47.
- Kriss, G. A., Cioffi, D. F., Canizares, C. R., The X-ray emitting gas in poor clusters with central dominant galaxies, ApJ, 1983, 272, 439.
- Akritas, M. G., Bershady, M. A., Linear regression for astronomical data with measurement errors and intrinsic scatter, ApJ, 1996, 470, 706.
- Press, W. H" Teukolsky, S. A.- Vetterling, W. Т., Flannery, B. P., Numerical Recipes (Cambridge Univ. Press, 1992).
- Mohr, J. J., Evrard, A. E., An X-ray size-temperature relation for galaxy clusters: observation and simulation, ApJ, 1997, 491, 38.
- David, L. P., Arnaud, K. A., Forman, W., Jones, C., Einstein observations of the Hydra A cluster and the efficiency of galaxy formation in groups and clusters, ApJ, 1990, 356, 32.
- Reiprich, Т. H., Bohringer, H., The mass function of an X-ray flux-limited sample of galaxy clusters, ApJ, 2002, 567, 716.
- Guth, А. Н., Pi, S.-Y., Fluctuations in the new inflationary universe, Phys. Rev. Letters, 1982, 49, 1110.
- Starobinskii, A. A., Dynamics of phase transition in the new inflationary universe scenario and generation of perturbations, Phys. Lett., 1982, 117B, 175.
- Hawking, S. W., The development of irregularities in a single bubble inflationary universe, Phys. Lett., 1982, 115B, 295.
- Seljak, U., Zaldarriaga, M., A Line-of-Sight Integration Approach to Cosmic Microwave Background Anisotropies, ApJ, 1996, 469, 437.
- Eisenstein, D. J., Hu, W., Baryonic features in the matter transfer function, ApJ, 1998, 496, 605.
- Eisenstein, D. J., Hu, W., Power spectra for Cold Dark Matter and its variants, ApJ, 1999, 511, 5.
- Bond, J. R., Efstathiou, G., Cosmic background radiation anisotropies in universes dominated by nonbaryonic dark matter, ApJ, 1984, 285, L45.
- Press, W. H., Schechter, P., Formation of galaxies and clusters of galaxies by self-similar gravitational condensation, ApJ, 1974, 187, 425.
- Eke, V. R., Cole, S., Frenk, C. S., Cluster evolution as a diagnostic for Q, MNRAS, 1996, 282, 263.
- Sheth, R. K., Tormen, G., Large-scale bias and the peak background split, MNRAS, 1999, 308, 119.
- Hamilton, A. J. S., Formulae for growth factors in expanding universes containing matter and a cosmological constant, MNRAS, 2001, 322, 419.
- Parodi, B. R., Saha, A., Sandage, A., Tammann, G. A., Supernova Type la luminosities, their dependence on second parameters, and the value of Ho, ApJ, 2000, 540, 634.
- Mathiesen, В., Evrard, A. E., Mohr, J. J., The effects of clumping and substructure on intracluster medium mass measurements, ApJ, 1999, 520, L21.
- Guth, A. H., Inflationary universe: A possible solution to the horizon and flatness problems, Phys. Rev. D, 1981, 23, 347.
- Linde, A. D., A new inflationary universe scenario: a possible solution of the horizon, flatness, homogeneity, isotropy and primordial monopole problems, Phys. Lett., 1982, 108B, 389.
- Albrecht, A., Steinhardt, P. J., Cosmology for grand unified theories with radiatively induced symmetry breaking, Phys. Rev. Lett., 1982, 48, 1220.
- Rubino-Martin, J. A., et al., First results from the Very Small Array IV. Cosmological parameter estimation, astro-ph/205 367, 2002.
- Воеводкин, А. А., Вихлинин, A. A., 2003, готовится к публикации.
- Старобинский, А. А., Как определить эффективный потенциал переменного космологического члена, Письма в ЖЭТФ, 1998, 68, 757.
- Huterer, D., Turner, М. S., Probing dark energy: Methods and strategies, Phys. Rev. D, 2001, 64, 123 527.
- Vikhlinin, A., McNamara, В. R., Hornstrup, A., Quintana, Н., Forman, W., Jones, С., Way, M., X-Ray Overluminous Elliptical Galaxies: a new class of mass concentrations in the Universe?, ApJ, 1999, 520, LI.
- Griffiths, R. E., Tuohy, I. R., Brisscndcn, R. J. V., Ward, M. J., Active galactic nuclei and star-forming galaxies Contributing to the extragalaclic X-ray flux, MNRAS, 1992, 255, 545.
- Hwang, U., Mushotzky, R. F., Burns, J. 0., Fukazawa, Y., White, R. A., Mass and metallicity of five X-ray-bright galaxy groups, ApJ, 1999, 516, 604.
- Bromley, В. C., Press, W. H., Lin, H., Kirshner, R. P., Spectral classification and luminosity function of galaxies in the Las Campanas redshift survey, ApJ, 1998, 505, 25.
- Hoessel, J. G., The photometric properties of brightest cluster galaxies. II SIT and CCD surface photometry, ApJ, 1980, 241, 493.
- Chariot, S., Worthcy, G., Bressan, A., Uncertainties in the Modeling of Old Stellar Populations, ApJ, 1996, 457, 625.
- David, L. P., Jones, C., Forman, W., Cosmological implications of ROSAT observations of groups and clusters of galaxies, ApJ, 1995, 445, 578.
- Gonzalez, A. H., Zabludoff, A. I., Zaritsky, D., Dalcanton, J. J., Measuring the Diffuse Optical Light inAbell 1651, ApJ, 2000, 536, 561.
- Kraft, R. P., Burrows, D. N., Nousek, J. A., Determination of confidence limits for experiments with low numbers of counts, ApJ, 1991, 374, 344.
- Burns, J. O., Ledlow, M. J., Loken, C., Klypin, A., Voges, W., Bryan, G. L., Norman, M. L., White, R. A., The X-Ray Luminosity Function and Gas Mass Function for Optically Selected Poor and Rich Clusters of Galaxies, ApJ, 1996, 467, L49.
- Hickson, P., Systematic properties of compact groups of galaxies, ApJ, 1982, 255, 382.
- Ponman, T. J., Bourner, P. D. J., Ebeling, H., Bohringer, H., A ROSAT survey of Hickson’s compact galaxy groups., MNRAS, 1996, 283, 690.
- Sulentic, J. W., Rabafa, C. R., Optical luminosity functions for compact groups of galaxies, ApJ, 1994, 429, 531.
- Lin, H., Kirshner, R. P., Shectman, S. A., Landy, S. D., Oemler, A., Tucker,
- D. L., Schechter, P. L., The luminosity function of galaxies in the Las Campanas redshift survey, ApJ, 1996, 464, 60.
- Mulchaey, J. S., Zabludoff, A. I., The isolated elliptical NGC 1132: evidence for a merged group of galaxies?, ApJ, 1999, 514, 133.
- Mamon, G. A., Are compact groups of galaxies physically dense?, ApJ, 1986, 307, 426.
- Munoz, J. A., Falco, E. E., Kochanek, C. S., et al., Multifrequency Analysis of the New Wide-Separation Gravitational Lens Candidate RX J0921+4529, ApJ, 2001, 546, 769.
- Markevitch, M., Sarazin, C. L., Vikhlinin, A., Physics of the merging clusters Cygnus A, A3667, and A2065, ApJ, 1999, 521, 526.
- Rottgering, Н. J. A., Wieringa, М. Н., Hunstead, R. W., Ekers, R. D., The extended radio emission in the luminous X-ray cluster A3667, MNRAS, 1997, 290, 577.
- Markevitch, M., Ponman, T. J., Nulsen, P. E. J., et al., Chandra observation of Abell 2142: survival of dense subcluster cores in a merger, ApJ, 2000, 541, 542.
- Vikhlinin, A., Markevitch, M., Murray, S. S., A moving cold front in the intergalactic medium of A3667, ApJ, 2001, 551, 160.
- Vikhlinin, A., Markevitch, M., Murray, S. S., Chandra estimate of the magnetic field strength near the cold front in A3667, ApJ, 2001, 549, L47.
- Sodre, L. J., Capelato, H. V., Steiner, J. E., Proust, D., Mazure, A., The cluster of galaxies SC2008−57 (A3667), MNRAS, 1992, 259, 233.
- Knopp, G. P., Henry, J. P., Briel, U. G" ROSAT PSPC observations of Abell 3667, ApJ, 1996, 472, 125.
- Joffre, M., Fischer, P., Frieman, J., et al., Weak gravitational lensing by the nearby cluster Abell 3667, ApJ, 2000, 534, L131.
- Katgert, P., Mazure, A., den Hartog, R., Adami, C., Biviano, A., Perea, J., The ESO Nearby Abell Cluster Survey. V. The catalogue: Contents and instructions for use, A&AS, 1998, 129, 399.
- JI. Д. Ландау, E. M. Лифшиц, Гидродинамика (§ 122).
- Moeckel, W. E., Approximate method for predicting form and location of detached shock waves, NACA Technical Note 1921, 1949, http://naca.larc.nasa.gov/reports/1949/naca-tn-1921.
- Blondin, J. M., The shadow wind in high-mass X-ray binaries, ApJ, 1994, 435, 756, Программу гидродинамических расчетов, описанную в данной работе, можно найти на странице http://wonka.physics.ncsu.edu/pub/VH-l.
- Colella, P., Woodward, P. R., The piecewise parabolic method (PPM) for gas-dynamical simulations, J. Сотр. Phys, 1984, 54, 174.
- Jones, Т. W., Ryu, D., Tregillis, I. L., The magnetohydrodynamics of supersonic gas clouds: MHD cosmic bullets and wind-swept clumps, ApJ, 1996, 473, 365.
- Spitzer, L., Physics of fully ionized gases (New York: Interscience, 1962).
- Ettori, S., Fabian, A. C., Chandra constraints on the thermal conduction in the intraclusterplasma of A2142, MNRAS, 2000, 317, L57.
- Kim, K.-T., Kronberg, P. P., Tribble, P. C., Detection of excess rotation measure due to intracluster magnetic fields in clusters of galaxies, ApJ, 1991, 379, 80.
- Fusco-Femiano, R., dal Fiume, D., Feretti, L., Giovannini, G., Grandi, P., Matt, G., Molendi, S., Santangelo, A., Hard X-Ray radiation in the Coma cluster spectrum, ApJ, 1999, 513, L21.
- Gerwin, R. A., Stability of the interface between two fluids in relative motion, Reviews of Modern Physics, 1968, 40, 652.
- Frank, A., Jones, T. W., Ryu, D., Gaalaas, J. В., The magnetohydrodynamic Kelvin-Helmholtz instability: A two-dimensional numerical study, ApJ, 1996, 460, 777.
- JI. Д. Ландау, E. M. Лифшиц, Гидродинамика (§ 29 и задача к § 84).
- Miles, J. W., On the disturbed motion of a plane vortex sheet, J. Fluid Mech., 1958, 4, 538, eq. 5.5.
- Л. Д. Ландау, E. M. Лифшиц, Гидродинамика (§ 62).
- Сыроватский, С. И., ЖЭТФ, 1953, 24, 622, (в изложении ЛЛ «Электродинамика сплошных сред», § 54- уравнение 9.22 получено следуя оригинальной работе в случае разных плотностей плазмы).
- Jones, Т. W., Gaalaas, J. В., Ryu, D" Frank, A., The MHD Kelvin-Helmholtz instability. II. The roles of weak and oblique fields in planar flows, ApJ, 1997, 482, 230.
- Mazzotta, P., Markevitch, M., Vikhlinin, A., Forman, W. R., David, L. P., VanSpeybroeck, L., Chandra observation of RX J1720.1+2638: a nearly relaxed cluster with a fast-moving core?, ApJ, 2001, 555, 205.
- Markevitch, M., Vikhlinin, A., Mazzotta, P., Nonhydrostatic gas in the core of the relaxed galaxy cluster A1795, ApJ, 2001, 562, L153.
- McKee, C. F., Cowie, L. L., The evaporation of spherical clouds in a hot gas. II -Effects of radiation, ApJ, 1977, 215, 213.
- Balbus, S. A., McKee, C. F., The evaporation of spherical clouds in a hot gas. Ill -Suprathermal evaporation, ApJ, 1982, 252, 529.
- McKee, C. F., Begelman, M. C., Steady evaporation and condensation of isolated clouds in hot plasma, ApJ, 1990, 358, 392.
- Bandiera, R., Chen, Y., The role of electric currents in saturated conduction. 1: General theory, 1994, 284, 629.
- Bohringer, H., Fabian, A. C., Heat conduction boundary layers of condensed clumps in cooling flows, MNRAS, 1989, 237, 1147.
- Fabian, A. C., Canizares, C. R., Bohringer, H., Mergers, cooling flows, and evaporation revisited, ApJ, 1994, 425, 40.
- Bechtold, J., Forman, W., Jones, C., Schwarz, J., van Speybroeck, L., Giacconi, R., Tucker, W" The X-ray morphology ofAbell 1367, ApJ, 1983, 265, 26.
- Vikhlinin, A., Markevitch, M., Forman, W., Jones, C., Zooming in on the Coma cluster with Chandra: compressed warm gas in the brightest cluster galaxies, ApJ, 2001, 555, L87.
- Arnaud, М., Aghanim, N., Gastaud, R., et al., XMM-Newton observation of the Coma Galaxy cluster. The temperature structure in the central region, 2001, 365, L67.
- Briel, U. G., Henry, J. P., Lumb, D. H., et al., A mosaic of the Coma cluster of galaxies with XMM-Newton, 2001, 365, L60.
- Sarazin, C. L., Irwin, J. A., Bregman, J. N., Chandra X-ray observations of the X-ray faint elliptical galaxy NGC 4697, ApJ, 2001, 556, 533.
- Faber, S. M., Gallagher, J. S., HI in early-type galaxies. II Mass loss and galactic winds, ApJ, 1976, 204, 365.
- Nulsen, P. E. J., Transport processes and the stripping of cluster galaxies, MNRAS, 1982, 198, 1007.
- David, L. P., Forman, W., Jones, C., The evolution of the interstellar medium in elliptical galaxies. I The early wind phase, ApJ, 1990, 359, 29.
- Malyshkin, L., Kulsrud, R., Transport phenomena in stochastic magnetic mirrors, ApJ, 2001, 549, 402.
- Narayan, R., Medvedev, M. V., Thermal conduction in clusters of galaxies, ApJ, 2001, 562, L129.