Прооксидантные и антиоксидантные свойства пролина у растений и культивируемых клеток Thellungiella salsuginea
Диссертация
Научная новизна. Впервые показано, что экзогенный пролин вызывает окислительный стресс в листьях растений и культивируемых клетках Th. йакгфпеа, то есть проявляет прооксидантные свойства. Этот эффект был сходен с действием экзогенного пероксида водорода на объекты исследования. Защитное действие пролина проявлялось в условиях окислительного стресса, вызываемого действием пероксида водорода… Читать ещё >
Содержание
- ГЛАВА I. ОБЗОР ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ
- 1. 1. Окительныйр
- 1. 2. Антиодантная защитнаястема
- 1. ЗПролин как компонент защитнойстемы рений
- 1. 3. 1. Свова и бинтез пролина
- 1. 3. 2. Ключевые ферменты метаболизма пролина
- 1. 3. 3. Мультифункциональная роль пролина
- 1. 3. 4. Функционирование «пролинового цикла»
- 2. 1. Объект ледования
- 2. 2. овия выращивания рений и культуры клеток
- 2. 3. овия проведения опытов
- 2. 4. Определениедержания малонового диальдегида
- 2. 5. Определение активнипероддутазы
- 2. 6. Определение активни орбатперодазы
- 2. 7. Определение внутриклеточногодержания пролина
- 2. 8. Определение активни пролиндегидрогеназы
- 2. 9. Определениедержания белка в ферментных препаратах
- 2. 10. Методика нативного гель-электрофореза СОД и АП
- 2. 11. Определение уровня трарипции генов
- 2. 12. Определениедержанияободного опролина
- 2. 13. Математичая обработка данных
- 3. 1. Развитие окительногора при обработке пролином рений и культивируемых клеток Thellungiella salsuginea в нормальных овиях культивирования
- 3. 2. Развитие окительногора при обработке перодом водорода рений и культивируемых клеток Th. salsuginea
- 3. 3. беннивмного девия Н2О2 и пролина на функционирование антиодантнойстемы рений и культивируемых клеток
- 3. 4. Влияние пролина, Н202 и ихвмного девия на изоферментныйстав СОД и АП в рениях и культивируемых клетках
- 3. 5. Влияние экзогенного пролина, Н2О2 и ихвмного девия на эрию генов, кодирующих изоформы орбатперодазы ипероддутазы
- 3. 6. Влияние пролина, Н202 и ихвмного девия на эрию генов метаболизма пролина
Список литературы
- Бараненко В.В. (2006) Супероксиддисмутаза в клетках растений. Цитология, 48, 465−474.
- Бизунок H.A. (2012) Фармакодинамические взаимодействия N-замещенных производных L-пролина и клеточных модуляторов разного типа действия на модели FcyR-зависимого фагоцитоза. Известия национальной академии наук Белоруссии, 2, 53−62.
- Зайцев Г. Н. (1984) Математическая статистика в экспериментальной ботанике. М.: Наука, 424 с.
- Карташов A.B., Радюкина Н. Л., Иванов Ю. В., Пашковский П. П., Шевякова Н. И., Кузнецов Вл.В. (2008) Роль систем антиоксидантной защиты при адаптации дикорастущих видов растений к солевому стрессу. Физиология растений, 55, 516−522.
- Кузнецов Вл.В., Шевякова Н. И. (1999) Пролин при стрессе: биологическая роль, метаболизм, регуляция. Физиология растений. 46, 321−336.
- Пешкова Г. А., Малышев Л. И. (1994) Флора Сибири. Т. 7. Н.: Наука, 159 с.
- Полесская О.Г. (2007) Растительная клетка и активные формы кислорода. М.: КДУ, 140с.
- Радюкина Н.Л., Шашукова A.B., Шевякова Н. И., Кузнецов Вл.В.2008) Участие пролина в антиоксидантной защитной системе шалфея при действии NaCl и параквата. Физиология растений, 55, 721−730.
- Радюкина Н.Л., Мапелли С., Иванов Ю. В., Карташов A.B., Брамбилла
- И., Кузнецов Вл.В. (2009) Гомеостаз полиаминов и антиоксидантная81система корней и листьев Plantago major L. При солевом стрессе. Физиология растений, 56, 359−368.
- Ю.Радюкина Н. Л., Шашукова А. В., Макарова С. С., Кузнецов Вл.В. (2011) Экзогенный пролин модифицирует экспрессию генов при UV-B облучении. Физиология растений, 58, 49−57.
- Шевякова Н.И., Бакулина Е. А., Кузнецов Вл.В. (2009) Антиоксидантная роль пролина у галофита Mesembryanthemum crystallinum при действии засоления и параквата, инициирующих окислительный стресс. Физиология растений, 56, 736−742.
- Abraham Е., Rigo G., Szekely G., Nagy R., Koncz C., Szabados L. (2003) Light-dependent induction of proline biosynthesis by abscisic acid and salt stress is inhibited by brassinosteroid in Arabidopsis. Plant Molecular Biol., 51, 363 372.
- Ahmad J., Hellebust J.A. (1988) The relashionship between inorganic nitrogen metabolism and proline accumulation in osmoregulatory responses of two euryhaline microalgae. Plant Physiol, 88, 348−354.
- Ali G., Srivastava P. S., Iqbal M. (1999) Proline accumulation, protein pattern and photosynthesis in Bacopa Monniera regenerates grown under NaCl stress. Biol. Plant, 42, 89−95.
- Alia, Saradhi P.P. (1991) Proline accumulation under heavy metal stress. J. Plant Physiol., 138, 554−558.
- Alia, Saradhi P.P., Mohanty P. (1993) Proline in relation to free radical production in seedlings of Brassica juncea raised under sodium chloride stress. Plant Soil, 155/156, 497−500.
- Alia, Saradhi P.P., Mohanty P. (1997) Involvement of proline in protecting thylakoid membranes against free radical-induced photodamage. J. Photochem. Photobiol., 38, 253−257.
- Alscher R.G., Erturk N., Health L.S. (2002) Role of superoxide dismutases (SODs) in controlling oxidative stress in plants. Journal of Experimental Botany., 53, 1331−1341.
- Amtmann A. (2009) Learning from evolution: Thellungiella generates new knowledge on essential and critical components of abiotic stress tolerance in plants. Mol. Plant., 2, 3−12.
- Apel K., Hirt H. (2004) Reactive oxygen species: metabolism, oxidative stress and signal transduction. Annu. Rev. Plant Biol, 55, 373−399.
- Armengaud P., Thiery L., Buhot N., Grenier-de March G., Savoure A.2004) Transcriptional regulation of proline biosynthesis in Medicago truncatula reveals developmental and environmental specific features. Physiologia Plantarum, 120, 442150.
- Asada K. (1999) The water-water cycle in chloroplasts: Scavenging of active oxygens and dissipation of excess photons. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol., 50, 601−639.
- Asada K. (2000) The water-water cycle as alternative photon and electron sinks. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B. Biol. Sci., 355, 1419−1431.
- Atkin O.K., Macherel D. (2009) The crucial role of plant mitochondria in orchestrating drought tolerance. Annals of Botany, 103, 581−597.
- Atkinson D.E. (1977) Cellular energy metabolism and its regulation. New York, Academic Press.
- Baban B.A., Vinod M.P., Tanner J.J., Becker D.F. (2004) Probing a hydrogen bond pair and the FAD redox properties in the proline dehydrogenase domain of Escherichia coli PutA. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1701, 49−59.
- Bates L.S., Waldren R.P., Teare I.D. (1973) Rapid Determination of Free Proline for Water Stress Studies. Plant Soil., 39, 205−207.
- Beauchamp Ch., Fridovich I. (1971) Superoxide Dismutase Improved Assays and an Assay Applicable to Acrylamide Gels. Annal. Biochem., 44, 276−287.
- Benschop J.J., Mohammed S., O’Flaherty M., Heck A.J.R., Slijper M., Menke F.L.H. (2007) Quantitative phosphoproteomics of early elicitor signaling in Arabidopsis. Mol. Cell Proteomics, 6, 1198−1214.
- Bertazzini M., Medrzycki P., Bortolotti L., Maistrello L., Forlani G. (2010) Amino acid content and nectar choice by forager honeybees (Apis mellifera L.). Amino Acids, 39, 315−318.
- Blokhina O., Virolainen E., Fagerstedt K.V. (2003) Antioxidants, oxidative damage and oxygen deprivation stress: a review. Ann. Bot., 91, 179−194.
- Borsani O., Zhu J., Verslues P.E., Sunkar R., Zhu J.K. (2005) Endogenous siRNAs derived from a pair of natural cis-antisense transcripts regulate salt tolerance in Arabidopsis. Cell, 123, 1279−1291.
- Bowler C., Fluhr R. (2000) The role of calcium and activated oxygens as signals for controlling cross-tolerance. Trends in Plant Science., 5(6), 241−246.
- Boyer J.S. (2010) Drought decision-making. J. of Experim. Botany., 61, 34 933 497.
- Bussis D., Heineke D. (1998) Acclimation of potato plants to polyethylene glycol-induced water deficit II. Content and Subcellular distribution of organic solutes. J. of Experimental Botany, 49, 1361−1370.
- Chen Q., Zhang M., Shen S. (2010) Effect of salt on malondialdehyde and antioxidant enzymes in seedling roots of Jerusalem artichoke {Helianthus tuberosus L.). Acta Physiol. Plant, 33, 273−278.
- Choudhary N.L., Sairam R.K., Tyagi A. (2005) Expression of deltal-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase gene encoding drought in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Ind. J. Biochem. Biophys., 42, 366−370.
- Chiang H.H., Dandekar A.M. (1995) Regulation of proline accumulation in Arabidopsis during development and in response to dessication. Plant Cell Environ., 18, 1280−1290.
- Conklin P.L., Barth C. (2004) Ascorbic acid, a familiar small molecule intertwined in the response of plants to ozone, pathogens and the onset of senescence. Plant, Cell and Environment., 27, 959−970.
- Cooper S.K., Pandhare J., Donald S.P., Phang, J.M. (2008) A Novel Function for Hydroxyproline Oxidase in Apoptosis through Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species. J. Biol. Chem., 283, 485−492.
- Corpas F.J., Barroso J.B., del Rio L.A. (2001) Peroxisomes as a source of reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide signal molecules in plant cells. Trends in Plant Sci., 6(4), 145−150.
- Culham D.E., Vernikovska Y., Tschowri N., Keates R.A.B., Wood J.M., Boggs J.M. (2008) Pehplasmic loops of osmosensory transporter ProP in Escherichia coli are sensitive to osmolality. Biochemistry, 47, 13 584−13 593.
- Curtis J., Shearer G., Kohl D.H. (2004) Bacteroid proline catabolism affects N2 fixation rate of drought-stressed soybeans. Plant Physiol., 136, 3313−3318.
- Dat J., Vandenabeele S., Vranova E., Van Montagu M., Inze D., Van Breusegem F. (2000) Dual action of the active oxygen species during plant stress responses. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences. Vol. 57.P.779−795.
- Delauney A.J., Verma D.P.S. (1990) A soybean gene encoding pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase was isolated by functional complementation in Escherichia coli and is found to be osmoregulated. Molecular General Genetics, 221,299−305.
- Delauney A.J., Verma D.P.S. (1993) Proline biosynthesis and osmoregulation in plants. Plant J., 4, 215−223.
- DeuschIe K., Funck D., Forlani G., Stransky H., Biehl A., Leister D., van der Graaf E., Kunzee R., Frommer W.B. (2004) The role of delta-pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase in proline degradation. Plant Cell, 16, 3413−3425.
- Deuschle K., Funck D., Hellmann H., Daschner K., Binder S., Frommer
- W.B. (2001) A nuclear gene encoding mitochondrial A'-pyrroline-S-carboxylate dehydrogenase and its potential role in protection from proline toxicity. Plant J., 27, 345−356.
- Donald S.P., Sun X.Y., Hu C.A., Mei J.M., Valle D., Phang J.M. (2001) Proline oxidase, encoded by p53-induced gene-6, catalyzes the generation of proline-dependent reactive oxygen species. Cancer Res., 61, 1810−1815.
- EIthon T.E., Stewart C.R. (1981) Submitochondrial location and electron transport characteristics of enzymes involved in proline oxidation. Plant Physiol, 67, 780−784.
- Elthon T.E., Stewart C.R. (1982) Proline Oxidation in Corn Mitochondria: Involvement of NAD, Relationship to Ornithine Metabolism, and Sidedness on the Inner Membrane. Plant Physiol., 70(2), 567−572.
- Esen A. (1978) A Simple Method for Quantitative, Semiquantitative, and Qualitative Assay of Protein. Anal. Biochem., 89, 264−273.
- Eshdat Y., Holland D., Faltin Z., Ben-Hayyim G. (1997) Plant glutathione peroxidases. Phisiol. Plant., 100, 234−240.
- Fabro G., Kovacs I., Pavet V., Szabados L., Alvares M.E. (2004) Proline accumulation and AtP5CS2 gene activation are induced by plant-pathogen incompatible interactions in Arabidopsis. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interaction, 17, 343−350.
- Ferrario-Mery S., Besin E., Pichon O., Meyer C., Hodges M. (2006) The regulatory PII protein controls arginine biosynthesis in Arabidopsis. FEBS Letters, 580, 2015−2020.
- ForIani G., Scainelli D., Nielsen E. (1997) Al-pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase from cultured cells of potato Purification and properties. Plant Physiol., 113, 1413−1418.
- Fourcroy P., Vansuyt G., Kushnir S., Inze D., Briat J-F. (2004) Iron -regulated expression of a cytosolic ascorbate peroxidase encoded by the APX1 gene in Arabidopsis seedlings. Plant Physiology., 134, 605−613.
- Foyer C.H., Noctor G. (2005) Oxidant and antioxidant signaling in plants: a reevaluation of the concept of oxidative stress in a physiological context. Plant, Cell and Environment., 28, 1056−1071.
- Foyer C.N., Noctor G. (2000) Oxygen processing in photosynthesis: regulation and signaling. New Phytol., 146, 359−388
- Fu J., Huang B. (2001) Involvement of antioxidants and lipid peroxidation in the adaptation of two cool-season grasses to localized drought stress. Environ. Exp. Bot., 45, 105−114.
- Funck D., Stadelhofer B., Koch W. (2008) Ornithine-delta-aminotransferase is essential for arginine catabolism but not for proline biosynthesis. BMC Plant Biology, 8, 40.
- Funck D., Eckard S., MuIIer G. (2010) Non-redundant functions of two proline dehydrogenase isoforms in Arabidopsis. BMC Plant Biology, 10, 70.
- Gechev T.S., Van Breusegem F., Stone J.M., Denev I., Laloi C. (2006) Reactive oxygen species as signals that modulate plant stress responses and programmed cell death. BioEssays., 28, 1091−1101.
- Gill S.S., Tuteja N. (2010) Reactive oxygen species and antioxidant machinery in abiotic stress tolerance in crop plants. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 48, 909−930.
- Girousse C., Bournoville R., Bonnemain J.L. (1996) Water deficit-induced changes in concentrations in proline and some other amino acids in the phloem sap of alfalfa. Plant Physiol., Ill, 109−113.
- GIeeson D., Lelu-Walter M.A., Parkinson M. (2005) Overproduction of proline in transgenic hybrid larch (Larix x leptoeuropaea (Dengler)) cultures renders them tolerant to cold, salt and frost. Molecular Breeding, 15, 21−29.
- Gogos J.A., Santha M., Takacs Z., Beck K.D., Luine V., Lucas L.R., Nadler J.V., Karayiorgou M. (1999) The gene encoding proline dehydrogenase modulates sensorimotor gating in mice. Nature Genetics, 21, 434−439.
- GraIIath S., Weimar T., Meyer A., Gumy C., Suter-Grotemeyer M., Neuhaus J.-M., Rentsch D. (2005) The AtProT family. Compatible solute transporters with similar substrate specificity but differential expression patterns. Plant Physiol., 137, 117−126
- HalliweIl B. (2006) Reactive species and antioxidants. Redox biology is a fundamental theme of aerobic life. Plant Physiol., 141, 312−322.
- Hanfrey C., Sommer S., Mayer M.J., Burtin D., Michael A.J. (2001) Arabidopsis polyamine biosynthesis: absence of ornitine decarboxylase and the mechanism of arginine decarboxylase activity. Plant J., 27, 551−560.
- Hanson A.D., Rathinasabapathi B., Rivoal J., Burnet M., Dillon M.O., Gage
- D.A. (1994) Osmoprotective compounds in the Plumbaginaceae a natural experiment in metabolic engineering of stress tolerance. PNAS, 91, 306−310.
- Hanson J., Hanssen M., Wiese A., Hendriks M.M., Smeekens S. (2008) The sucrose regulated transcription factor bZIPll affects amino acid metabolism by regulating the expression of asparagine synthetasel and proline dehydrogenase2. Plant J., 53, 935−949.
- Hare P.D., Cress W.A. (1997) Metabolic implications of stress-induced proline accumulation in plants. Plant Growth Regul., 21, 79−102.
- Hare P.D., Cress W.A., Van Staden J. (1998) Dissecting the roles of osmolyte accumulation during stress. Plant Cell and Environ., 21, 535−553.
- Hayashi F., Ichino T., Osanai R., Wada K. (2000) Oscillation and regulation of proline content by P5CS and ProDH gene expressions in the light/dark cycles in Arabidopsis thaliana L. Plant and Cell Physiol., 41, 1096−1101.
- He Y-Y., Hader D-P. (2002) Reactive oxygen species and UV-B: effect on cyanobacteria. J. Photochem. Photobiol., 1, 729−736.
- Heath R.L., Packer L. (1968) Photoperoxidation in isolated chloroplasts. Kinetics and stoichiometry of fatty acid peroxidation. Archives of Biochem. And Biophys., 125, 189−198.
- Heck D.E., Vetrano A.M., Mariano T.M., Laskin J.D. (2003) UV-B light stimulates production of reactive oxygen species. J. Biolog. Chem., 278, 2 243 222 436.
- HeIImann H., Funck D., Rentsch D., Frommer W.B. (2000) Hypersensitivity of an Arabidopsis sugar signaling mutant toward exogenous proline application. Plant Physiol, 122, 357−367.
- Hcrvieu F., Ledily F., Huault C., Billard J.P. (1995) Contribution of ornithine aminotransferase to proline accumulation in NaCl-treated radish cotyledons. Plant Cell and Environ., 18, 205−210.
- Hojati M., Modarres-Sanavy S.A.M., Karimi M., Ghanati F. (2010) Responses of growth and antioxidant systems in Carthamus tinctorius L. under water deficit stress. Acta. Physiol. Plant, 33, 105−112.
- Hou F.Y., Huang J., Yu S.L., Zhang H.S. (2007) The 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase genes are responsive to abiotic stresses in rice. J. of Integrative Plant Biology, 49, 655−663.
- Hu C.A., Delauney A.J., Verma D.P. (1992) A bifiinctional enzyme (delta1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase) catalyzes the first two steps in proline biosynthesis in plants. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 89, 9354−9358.
- Hu C.A., Donald S.P., Yu J., Lin W.W., Liu Z., Steel G., Obie C., Valle D., Phang J.M. (2007) Overexpression of proline oxidase induces prolinedependent and mitochondria-mediated apoptosis. Mol. Cell. Biochem., 295, 8592.
- Hua X., van de Cotte B., Van Montagu M., Verbruggen N. (1999) A 69 bp fragment in the pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase promoter of Arabidopsis thaliana minimal CaMV 35S promoter in a tissue-specific manner. FEBS Lett., 458, 193−196.
- Hua X.J., van de Cotte B., Van Montagu M., Verbruggen N. (1997) Developmental regulation of pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase gene expression in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol., 114, 1215−1224.
- Huang A.H.C., Cavalieri A.J. (1979) Proline oxidase and water stress-induced proline accumulation in spinach leaves. Plant Physiol., 63, 531−535.
- Ignatova Z., Gierasch L. (2006) Inhibition of protein aggregation in vitro and in vivo by a natural osmoprotectant. PNAS, 103, 13 357−13 361.
- Iyer S., Caplan A. (1998) Products of proline catabolism can induce osmotically regulated genes in rice. Plant Physiol., 116, 203−211.
- Jebara S., Jebara M., Limam F., Aouani M.E. (2005) Changes in ascorbate peroxidase, catalase, guaiacol peroxidase and superoxide dismutase incommon bean {Phaseolus vulgaris) nodules under salt stress. J. Plant Physiol., 162, 929−936.
- Jithesh M.N., Prashanth S.R., Sivaprakash K.R., Parida A.K. (2006) Antioxidative response mechanisms in halophytes: their role in stress defense. J.Genet., 85, 237−254.
- Kaminska-Rozek E., Pukacki P. (2004) Effect of water deficit on oxidative stress and degradation of cell membranes in needles of Norvay spruce {Picea abies). Acta Physiol. Plant, 26, 431−442.
- Kang H.-M., Saltveit M. (2001) Activity of enzymatic antioxidant defense systems in chilled and heat shocked cucumber seedling radicals. Physiol. Plant, 113, 548−556.
- Karpinski S., Escobar C., Karpinska B., Creissen G., Mullineaux P.M.1997) Photosynthetic electron transport regulates the expression of cytosolic ascorbate peroxidase genes in Arabidopsis during excess light stress. Plant Cell, 9, 627−640.
- Kavi Kishor P.B. (1989) Salt stress in cultured rice cells: effects of proline and abscisic acid. Plant Cell Environ., 12, 629−633.
- Kavi Kishor P.B., Hong Z., Miao G.H., Hu C.-A.A., Verma D.P.S.1995) Overexpression of pirroline-5-carboxilate synthetase increase prolineproduction and confer osmotolerance in transgenic plants. Plant Physiol., 108, 1387−1394.
- Kemble A.R. and MacPherson H.T. (1954) Liberation of amino acids in perennial ray grass during wilting. Biochem. J., 58, 46−59.
- Keyster M., Klein A., Egbichi I., Jacobs A., Ludidi N. (2011) Nitric oxide increases the enzymatic activity of three ascorbate peroxidase isoforms in soybean root nodules. Plant Signaling & Behavior, 6, 956−961.
- Khedr A.H.A., Abbas M.A., Wahid A.A., Quick W.P., Abogadallah
- G.M. (2003) Proline induces the expression of salt-stress-responsive proteins and may improve the adaptation of Pancratium maritimum L. to salt-stress. J. of Experimental Botany, 54, 2553−2562.
- Kleffmann T., Russenberger D., von Zychlinski A., Christopher W., Sjolander K., Gruissen W., Baginsky S. (2004) The Arabidopsis thaliana chloroplast proteome reveals pathway abundance and novel protein functions. Curr. Biol., 14, 354−362.
- Kliebenstcin D.J., Monde R-A., Last R.L. (1998) Superoxide dismutase in Arabidopsis: an eclectic enzyme family with disparate regulation and protein localization. Plant Physiol, 118, 637−650.
- Kohl D.H., Kennelly E.J., Zhu Y., Schubert K.R., Shearer G. (1991) Proline accumulation, nitrogenase (C2H2 reducing) activity and activities of enzymes related to proline metabolism in drought-stressed soybean nodules. J. Exp. Bot., 42, 831−837.
- Kohl D.H., Schubert K.R., Carter M.B., Hagedorn C.H., Shearer G.1988) Proline metabolism in N2- fixing root nodules: energy transfer and regulation of purine synthesis. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sei., USA, 85, 2036−2040.
- Krapp A., Hofmann B., Schafer C., Stitt M. (1993) Regulation of the expression of rbcS and other photosynthetic genes by carbohydrates: A mechanism for the sink regulation of photosynthesis. Plant J., 3, 817−828.
- Krishnan N., Dickman M.B., Becker D.F. (2008) Proline modulates the intracellular redox environment and protects mammalian cells against oxidative stress. Free Radic. Biol. Med., 44, 671−681.
- Kuznetsov VI.Y., Rakitin V.Yu., Zholkevich V.N. (1998) Interaction of heat shock and drought stress in plants. In: Responses of plant metabolism to air pollution, De Kok L.J., Stulen I. Leiden (eds). The Netherlands: Backhuys Publ., pp. 359−366.
- Lee B.R., Jin Y.L., Avice J.C., Cliquet J.B., Ourry A., Kim T.H. (2009) Increased proline loading to phloem and its effects on nitrogen uptake and assimilation in water-stressed white clover (Trifolium repens). New Phytologist, 182, 654−663.
- Lehmann S., Funck D., Szabados L., Rentsch D. (2010) Proline metabolism and transport in plant development. Amino Acids, 39, 949−962.
- Leonova T., Ovchinnykova V., Souer E., de Boer A., Kharchenko P., and Babakov A. (2009) Isolated thellungiella shoots do not require roots to survive NaCl and Na2S04 salt stresses. Plant Signalling & Behavior, 4, 1−4.
- Liu Y., Borchert G.L., Surazynski A., Hu C.A., Phang J.M. (2006) Proline oxidase activates both intrinsic and extrinsic pathways for apoptosis: the role of ROS/superoxides, NFAT and MEK/ERK signaling. Oncogene, 25, 5640−5647.
- Liu Y., Borchert G.L., Surazynski A., Phang J.M. (2008) Proline oxidase, a p53-induced gene, targets COX-2/PGE (2) signaling to induce apoptosis and inhibit tumor growth in colorectal cancers. Oncogene, 27, 67 296 737.
- Logan B.A., Kornyeyev D., Hardison J., Holaday A.S. (2006) The role of antioxidant enzymes in photoprotection. Photosyn. Res., 88, 119−132.
- Lutts S., Guerrier G. (1995) Peroxidase activities of two rice cultivars differing in salinity tolerance as affected by proline and NaCI. Biol. Plant., 37, 577−586.
- Maehly A.C., Chance B. (1954) The assay of catalases and peroxidases. In: Methods of Biochemical Analysis, Glick D. (eds.). Interscience, New York, pp. 357−408.
- Mani S., Van De Cotte B., Van Montagu M., Verbruggen N. (2002) Altered levels of proline dehydrogenase cause hypersensitivity to proline and its analogs in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol., 128, 73−83.
- Mattioli R., Costantino P., Trovato M. (2009) Proline accumulation in plants not only stress. Plant Signaling and Behavior, 4, 1016−1018.
- Mattioli R., Marchese D., D’Angeli S., Altamura M.M., Costantino P., Trovato M. (2008) Modulation of intracellular proline levels affects flowering time and inflorescence architecture in Arabidopsis. Plant Mol. Biol., 66, 277 288.
- Mattioni C., Lacerenza N.G., Troccoli A., De Leonardis A.M., Di Fronso N. (1997) water and salt stress-induced alterations in proline metabolism of triticum durum seedlings. Physiol. Plant., 101, 787−792.
- Matysik J., Alia, Bhalu B., Mohanty P. (2002) Molecular mechanisms of quenching of reactive oxygen species by proline under stress in plants. Curr. Sci., 82, 525−532.
- Mauro L.M., Trovato M., De Paolis A., Gallelli A., Constantino P., Altamura M.M. (1996) The plant oncogene rolD stimulates flowering in transgenic tobacco plants. Develop. Biol., 180, 693−700.
- Maxwell S.A., Davis G.E. (2000) Differential gene expression in p53-mediated apoptosis-resistant vs. apoptosis-sensitive tumor cell lines. PNAS, 97, 13 009−13 014.
- Micheu S., Crailsheitn K., Leonard B. (2000) Importance of proline and other amino acids during honeybee flight (Apis mellifera carnica POLLMANN). Amino Acids, 18, 157−175.
- Miller G., Honing A., Stein H., Suzuki N., Mittler R., Ziberstein A.2009) Unravelling pyrroline-5-carboxylate-proline cycle in plants by uncoupled expression of proline oxidation enzymes. Journal of Biol. Chem., 284, 2 648 226 492.
- Miller G., Stein H., Honig A., Kapulnik Y., Zilberstein A. (2005) Responsive modes of Medicago saliva proline dehydrogenase genes during salt stress and recovery dictate free proline accumulation. Planta, 222, 70−79.
- Mills G.C. (1957) Hemoglobin catabolism. 1. Glutathione peroxidase, an enzyme which protects hemoglobin from oxidative breakdown. J. Biol. Chem., 229, 189−197.
- Mittler R. (2002) Oxidative stress, antioxidants and stress tolerance. Trends in Plant Science., 7(9), 417−421.
- Mittler R., Zilinskas B. (1993) Detection of Ascorbate Peroxidase activity in native gels by inhibition of the ascorbate-dependent reduction of nitroblue tetrazolium. Anal. Biochem., 212, 540−546.
- Morrita S., Kaminaka H., Masumura T., Tanaka K. (1999) Induction of rice cytosolic ascorbate peroxidase m PNA by oxidative stress- the involvement of hydrogen peroxide in oxidative stress signaling. Plant Cell Physiol., 40, 417 422.
- Nakano Y., Asada K. (1981) Hydrogen Peroxide is Scavenged by Ascorbate Spesific Peroxidase in Spinach Chloroplasts. Plant Cell Physiol., 22, 867−880.
- Nanjo T., Kobayashi M., Yoshiba Y., Kakubari Y., Yamaguchi-Shinozaki K., Shinozaki K. (1999a) Antisense suppression of proline degradation improves tolerance to freezing and salinity in Arabidopsis thaliana. FEBS Letters, 461, 205−210.
- Nicolopoulos D., Manetas Y. (1991) Compatible solutes and in vitro stability of Salsola soda enzymes: proline incompatibility. Phytochemistry, 30, 411−413.
- Ober E.S., Sharp R.E. (1994) Proline accumulation in maize (ZEA MAYS L.) primary roots at low water potentials. 1. Requirements for increased levels of abscisic acid. Plant Physiol., 105, 981−987.
- Ornstein L. (1964) Disc electrophoresis. 1, Background and Theory. Ann. New York Acad. Sci., 121, 321−349.
- Ozturk L., Demir Y. (2002) In vivo and in vitro protective role of proline. Plant Growth Regiil., 38, 259−264.
- Ozturk L., Demir Y. (2003) Effect of putrescine and ethephon on some oxidative stress enzyme activities and proline content in salt stressed spinach leaves. Plant Growth Regul., 40, 89−95.
- Panda S.K., Khan M.N. (2004) Changes in growth and superoxide dismutase activity Hydrilla verticillata L. under abiotic stress. Bras. J. Plant Physiol., 16, 115−118.
- Pandhare J., Cooper S.K., Phang J.M. (2006) Proline oxidase, a proapoptotic gene, is induced by troglitazone: evidence for both peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma-dependent and -independent mechanisms. J. Biol. Chem., 281, 2044−2052.
- Parvanova D., Ivanov S., Konstantinova T., Karanov E., Atanassov A., Tsvetkov T. (2004) Transgenic tobacco plants accumulating osmolytes show reduced oxidative damage under freezing stress. Plant Physiol. Biochem., 42, 57−63.
- Peng Z., Lu Q., Verma D.P.S. (1996) Reciprocal regulation of Al-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase and proline dehydrogenase genes controls proline levels during and after osmotic stress in plants. Molecular and General Genetics, 253, 334−341.
- Pesci P., Reggiani R. (2006) The process of abscisic acid-induced proline accumulation and the levels of polyamines and quaternary ammonium compounds in hydrated barley leaves. Plant Physiol., 84, 134 139.
- Phang J.M. (1985) The regulatory functions of proline and Al- pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid. Curr. Top. Cell. Regul., 25, 91−132.
- Phang J.M., Pandhare J., Liu Y. (2008) The metabolism of proline as microenvironmental stress substrate. J. Nutr., 138, 2008−2015.
- Prasad T. K. (1996) Mechanisms of chilling-induced oxidative stress injury and tolerance in developing maize seedlings: changes in antioxidant system, oxidation of proteins and lipids, and protease activities. Plant J., 10, 1017−1026.
- Rajendrakumar C.S.V., Reddy B.V.D., Reddy A.R. (1994) Proline protein interactions: protection of structural and functional integrity of M4 lactate dehydrogenase. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 201, 957−963.
- Ranieri A., Petacco F., Castagna A., Franco Soldatini G. (2000) Redox state and peroxidase system in sunflower plants exposed to ozone. Plant Set., 159, 159−167.
- Rao V.M., Paliyath G., Ormrod P.D. (1996) Ultraviolet-B and ozone-induced biochemical changes in antioxidant enzymes of Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Physiol, 110, 125−136.
- Rayapati P.J., Stewart C.R. (1991) Solubilization of a proline dehydrogenase from maize (Zea mays L.) mitochondria. Plant Physiol., 95, 787 791.
- Ridge I., Osborne D.J. (1971) Role of peroxidase when hydroxyproline-rich protein in plant cell wall is increased by ethylene. Nature, 229, 205−208.
- Rio L.A., Pastori G.M., Palma J.M., Sandalio L.M., Sevilla F., Corpas F.J., Jimenez A., Lopez-Huertas E., Hernandez J.A. (1998) The activated oxygen role of peroxisomes in senescence. Plant Physiol., 116, 1195−1200.
- Rio L.A., Sandalio L.M., Corpas F.J., Palma J.M., Barroso J.B. (2006) Reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species in peroxisoms. Prodaction, scavenging, and role in cell signaling. Plant Physiology., 141, 330 335.
- Rivero R.M., Kojima M., Gepstein A., Sakakibara H., Mittler R., Gepstein S., Blumwald E. (2007) Delayed leaf senescence induces extreme drought tolerance in a flowering plant. PNAS, 104, 19 631−19 636.
- Roosens N., AI Bitar F., Loenders K., Angenon G., Jacobs M. (2002) Overexpression of ornithine-delta-aminotransferase increases prolinebiosynthesis and confers osmotolerance in transgenic plants. Molecular Breeding, 9, 73−80.
- Roosens N., Thu T.T., Iskander H.M., Jacobs M. (1998) Isolation of the ornithine-delta-aminotransferase cDNA and effect of salt stress on its expression in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Physiol., 117, 263−271.
- Ruiz J.M., Sanchez E., Garcia P., Lopez-Lefebre L.R., Rivero R.M., Romero L. (2002) Proline metabolism and NAD kinase activity in green bean plants subjected to cold-shock. Phytochemistry, 59, 473−478.
- Samuel D., Kumar R.K.S., Jayaramoan G., Yang P.W., Yu C. (1997) Proline is a protein solubilizing solute. Biochem. Mol. Biol. Int., 41, 235−242.
- Saradhi A., Saradhi P.P. (1991) Proline accumulation under heavy metal stress. Plant Physiol., 138, 554−558.
- Saradhi P.P., Alia, Arora S., Prasad K.V.S.K. (1995) Proline accumulates in plants exposed to UV radiation and protects them against UV induced peroxidation. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 209, 1−5.
- Satoh R., Nakashima K., Seki M., Shinozaki K., Yamaguchi-Shinozaki
- K. (2002) ACTCAT, a novel cis-acting element for proline and hypoosmolarity-responsive expression of the ProDH gene encoding proline dehydrogenase in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol., 130, 709−719.
- Savoure A., Jaoua S., Hua X.J., Ardiles W., Van Montagu M., Verbruggen N. (1995) Isolation, characterization and chromosomal location of a gene encoding the A'-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase in Arabidopsis thaliana. FEBS Lett., 372, 13−19.
- Sawahel W.A., Hassan A.H. (2002) Generation of transgenic wheat plants producing high levels of the osmoprotectant proline. Biotechnology Letters, 24, 721−725.
- Scalet M., Federico R., Guido M.C., Manes F. (1995) Peroxidase activity and polyamine changes in response to ozone and stimulated acid rain in Aleppo pine needles. Environ. Exp. Bot., 35, 417−425.
- Schat H., Sharma S.S., Vooijs R. (1997) Heavy metal-induced accumulation of free proline in a metal-tolerant and a nontolerant ecotype of Silene vulgaris. Physiol. Plant, 101, 477−482.
- Schobert B., Tschesche H. (1978) Unusual solution properties of proline and its interaction with proteins. Biochem. Biophys. Acta, 541, 270−277.
- Schwab K.B., Gaff D.F. (1990) Influence of compatible solutes on soluble enzymes from desiccation-tolerant Sporobolus stapfians and desiccation — sensitive Sporobolus pyramidalis. Plant Physiol., 137, 208−211.
- Sells D.D., Koeppe D.E. (1981) Oxidation of proline by mitochondria isolated from water-stressed maize shoots. Plant Physiol., 68, 1058−1061.
- Sharma S., Verslues P.E. (2010) Mechanisms independent of ABA or proline feedback have a predominant role in transcriptional regulation of prolinemetabolism during low water potential and stress recovery. Plant Cell and Environment, 33, 1838−1851.
- Sharma S.S., Dietz K.J. (2009) The relationship between metal toxicity and cellular redox imbalance. Trends in Plant Sci., 14, 43−50.
- Shenk R.U., Hildebrandt A.C. (1972) Medium and techniques for induction and growth of monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plant cell cultures. Cann. J. Bot., 50, 199−204.
- Shigeoka S., Ishikawa T., Tamoi M., Miyagawa Y., Takeda T., Yabuta Y., Yoshimura K. (2002) Regulation and function of ascorbate peroxidase isoenzymes. J. of Experimental Botany, 53, 1305−1319.
- Siripornadulsil S., Train S., Verma d.P.S., Sayre R.T. (2002) Molecular mechanisms of proline mediated tolerance toxic heavy metals in transgenic microalgae. Plant Cell., 14, 2837−2847.
- Smirnoff N. (2000) Ascorbate biosynthesis and function in photoprotection. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A., 355, 1455−1464.
- Smirnoff N., Cumes Q.J. (1989) Hydroxyl radicals scavenging activity of compatible solutes. Phytochemistry., 28, 1057−1059.
- Smith P.K., Krohn R.I., Hermanson G.T., Mallia A.K., Gartner F.H., Provenzano M.D., Fujimoto E.K., Goeke N.M., Olson B.J., Klenk D.C.1985) Measurement of protein using bicinchoninic acid. Annal. Biochem., 150, 76−85.
- Stewart C., Boggess S., Aspinall D., Paleg L. (1997) Inhibition of proline oxidation by water stress. Plant Physiol., 59, 930−932.
- Stewart C.R., Hanson A.D. Proline accumulation as a metabolic response to water stress. In: Turner N.C., Kramer P.J., editors. Adaptation of Plants to Water and High Temperature Stress. New York: John Wiley and Sons- 1980. pp. 173−189.
- Stines A.P., Naylor D.J., Hoj P.B., van Heeswijck R. (1999) Proline accumulation in developing grapevine fruit occurs independently of changes in the levels of Al-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase mRNA or protein. Plant Physiol., 120, 923−931.
- Straub P.F., Shearer G., Kohl D.H. (1995) Effect of the ability of bacteroids to catabolize proline on seed yields of water stressed soybeans. Plant Physiol., 108, 108−108.
- Su J., Wu R. (2004) Stress-inducible synthesis of proline in transgenic rice confers faster growth under stress conditions than that with constitutive synthesis. Plant Sci., 166, 941−948.
- Sweetlove L.J., Heazlewood J.L., Herald V., Holtzapffel R., Day D.A., Leaver C.J., Millar A.H. (2002) The impact of oxidative stress on Arabidopsis mitochondria. The Plant J., 32, 891−904.
- Szabados L., Savoure A. (2009) Proline: a multifunctional amino acid. Trends Plant Sci., 15, 671−681.
- Szoke A., Miao G.H., Hong Z., Verma D.P.S. (1992) Subcellular location of delta'-pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase in root/nodule and leaf of soybean. Plant Physiol., 99, 1642−1649.
- Takahama U., Oniki T. (2000) Flavonoides and some other phenolics as substrates of peroxidase: physiological significance of the redox reactions. J. Plant Res., 113,301−309.
- Taylor C.B. (1996) Proline and water deficit: ups, down, ins and outs. Plant Cell, 8, 1221−1224.
- Ueda A., Shi W., Shimada T., Miyake H., Takabe T. (2008) Altered expression of barley proline transporter causes different growth responses in Arabidopsis. Planta, 227, 277−286.
- Ueda A., Yamamoto-Yamane Y., Takabe T. (2007) Salt stress enhances proline utilization in the apical region of barley roots. Biochem. and Bioph. Research Comm., 355, 61−66.
- Vellosillo T., Vicente J., Kulasekaran S., Hamberg M., Castresana C.2010) Emerging complexity in reactive oxygen species production and signaling during the responses of plants to pathogens. Plant Physiol., 154, 444 448.
- Vendruscolo E.C.G., Schuster I., Pileggi M., Scapim C.A., Correa Molinari H.B., Marur C.J., Esteves Vieira L.G. (2007) Stress-induced synthesis of proline confers tolerance to water deficit in transgenic wheat. J. of Plant Physiol, 164, 1367−1376.
- Venekamp J.H., Lampe J.E.M., Koot J.T.M. (1989) Organic acids as sourses of drought-induced proline synthesis in field bean plants Vieia faba L. Plant Physiol., 133, 654−659.
- Verbruggen N., Hermans C. (2008) Proline accumulation in plants: a review. Amino Acids, 35, 753−759.
- Verbruggen N., Hua X.J., May M., Van Montagu M. (1996) Environmental and developmental signals modulate proline homeostasis: Evidence for a negative transcriptional regulator. PNAS, 93, 8787−8791.
- Verbruggen N., Villarroel R., Van Montagu M. (1993) Osmoregulation of a pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase gene in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Physiol, 103, 771−781.
- Verslues P.E., Agarwal M., Katiyar- Agarwal S., Zhu J.H., Zhu J.K.2006) Methods and concepts in quantifying resistance to drought, salt and freezing, abiotic stresses that affect plant water status. Plant Journal, 45, 523 539.
- Verslues P.E., Bray E.A. (2006) Role of abscisic acid (ABA) and Arabidopsis thaliana ABA-insensitive loci in low water potential-induced ABA and proline accumulation. J. ofExperim. Botany, 57, 201−212.
- Verslues P.E., Kim Y.S., Zhu J.K. (2007) Altered ABA, proline and hydrogen peroxide in an Arabidopsis glutamate: glyoxylate aminotranferase mutant. Plant Molecular Biol., 64, 205−217.
- Verslues P.E., Sharp R.E. (1999) Proline accumulation in maize (Zea mays L.) primary roots at low water potentials. II. Metabolic source of increased proline deposition in the elongation zone. Plant Physiol., 119, 1349−1360.
- Voetberg G.S., Sharp R.E. (1991) Growth of the maize primary root at low water potentials. 3. Role of increased proline deposition in osmotic adjustment. Plant Physiol, 96, 1125−1130.
- Walton E.F., Clark C.J., Boldingh H.L. (1991) Effect of hydrogen cyanamid on amino acid profiles in kiwifruits buds during bud break. Plant Physiol, 97, 1256−1259.
- White T.A., Krishnan N., Becker D.F., Tanner J.J. (2007) Structure and Kinetics of Monofimctional Proline Dehydrogenase from Thermus thermophilus. J. Biol Chem., 282, 14 316−14 327.
- Willis A., Bender H.U., Steel G., Valle D. (2008) PRODH variants and risk for schizophrenia. Amino Acids, 35, 673−679.
- Wu G., Bazer F.W., Datta S., Johnson G.A., Li P., Satterfield M.C., Spencer T. E. (2008) Proline metabolism in the conceptus: implications for fetal growth and development. Amino Acids, 35, 691−702.
- Wu L.Q., Fan Z.M., Guo L., Li Y.Q., Zhang W.J., Qu L.J., Chen Z.L.2003) Over-expression of an Arabidopsis delta-OAT gene enhances salt and drought tolerance in transgenic rice. Chinese Science Bulletin, 48, 2594−2600.
- Yancey P.H. (2005) Organic osmolytes as compartible, metabolic and counteracting cytoprotectants in high osmolarity and other stresses. J. of Experim. Botany, 208, 2819−2830.
- Yang C.W., Kao C.H. (1999) Importance of ornithine-delta-aminotransferase to proline accumulation caused by water stress in detached rice leaves. Plant Growth Regul., 27, 189−192.
- Yang S.L., Lan S.S., Gong M. (2009) Hydrogen peroxide-induced proline and metabolic pathway of its accumulation in maize seedlings. J. Plant Physiol, 166, 1694−1699.
- Yokota A., Takahara K., Akashi K. (2006) Water Stress. In: Physiology and Molecular Biology of Stress Tolerance in Plants, Madhava Rao K.V., Raghavendra A. S, Junardhan Reddy K. (eds). The Netherlands: Springer, 15−40.
- Yoon K.A., Nakamura Y., Arakawa H. (2004) Identification of ALDH4 as a p53-inducible gene and its protective role in cellular stresses. J. of Human Genetics, 49, 134−140.
- Yoshiba Y., Kiyosue T., Nakashima K., Yamaguchi-Shinozaki K., Shinozaki K. (1997) Regulation of levels of proline as an osmolyte in plants under water stress. Plant Cell Physiol, 38, 1095−1102.
- Yoshimura K., Yabuta Y., Ishikawa T., Shigeoka S. (2000) Expression of spinach ascorbate peroxidase isoenzymes in response to oxidative stresses. Plant Physiol., 123, 223−233.
- Zechmann B. (2011) Subcellular distribution of ascorbate in plants. Plant Signaling & Behavior, 6(3), 360−363.
- Zhang C.S., Lu Q., Verma D.P.S. (1995) Removal of feedback inhibition of A'-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase, a bifunctional enzyme catalyzing the first two steps of proline biosynthesis in plants. J. of Biological Chem., 270, 20 491−20 496.
- Zhang C.S., Lu Q., Verma D.P.S. (1997) Characterization of delta-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase gene promoter in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana subjected to water stress. Plant Sci., 129, 81−89.
- Zhao M.G., Chen L., Zhang L.L., Zhang W.H. (2009) Nitric reductase-dependent nitric oxide production is involved in cold acclimation and freezing tolerance in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol., 151, 755−767.
- Zhu B.C., Su J., Chan M.C., Verma D.P.S., Fan Y.L., Wu R. (1998) Overexpression of a Al-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase gene and analysis of tolerance to water- and salt-stress in transgenic rice. Plant Sci., 139, 41−48.