Оптимизация методов получения антигенного материала и поликлональных антител для изучения полиморфизма белковых антигенов и идентификации эндомикоризных грибов
Диссертация
Актуальность проблемы. Симбиоз с эндомикоризными грибами (арбускулярно-микоризными грибами, AMT) приводит к улучшению минерального питания растений, увеличивает их устойчивость к фитопатогенам и другим стрессовым воздействиям, а также способствует выводу из почвы солей тяжелых металлов и радионуклидов /Marschner and Dell, 1994/. Отсутствие методов надежной идентификации AMГ и сложность… Читать ещё >
Содержание
- ГЛАВА 1. ОБЗОР ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ
- 1. 1. Роль эвдомикоризных грибов в жизни растений
- 1. 2. Биоразнообразие и идентификация эндомикоризных грибов. Современные методы исследования
- 1. 2. 1. Биологическое разнообразие эндомикоризных грибов
- 1. 2. 2. Изучение биоразнообразия и идентификация эндомикоризных грибов с помощью молекулярно-генетических методов
- 1. 2. 3. Использование иммунохимических методов для изучения биоразнообразия и идентификации эндомикоризных грибов
- 1. 2. 3. 1. Молекулярные основы иммунохимических методов. Поликлональные и моноклональные антитела
- 1. 2. 3. 2. Особенности получения антител к антигенам эндомикоризных грибов
- 1. 2. 3. 3. Использование антител для серогруппирования AMГ и их идентификации в почве и корнях
- 2. 1. Штаммы грибов и условия культивирования
- 2. 2. Получение и поддержание культур Ri-трансформированных корней и установление эндомикоризного симбиоза in vitro
- 2. 3. Определение степени микоризной колонизации корней
- 2. 4. Получение иммунных сывороток и оценка активности антител
- 2. 5. Выделение иммуноглобулинов
- 2. 6. Определение специфичности антител к поверхностным антигенам почвообитающих грибов
- 2. 7. Анализ антигенных структур AMT
- 2. 7. 1. Двумерный иммуноэлектрофорез и прибор для его проведения
- 2. 7. 2. Приготовление буфера, агарозных гелей и белковых растворов. Проведение иммуноэлектрофореза
- 2. 7. 3. Визуализация иммунопреципитатов
- 2. 7. 4. Характеристика антигенных детерминант
- 2. 7. 5. Идентификация изолята AMT по морфологическим признакам. 60 РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ И ОБСУЖДЕНИЕ: ГЛАВА 3. ПОЛУЧЕНИЕ АНТИГЕННОГО МАТЕРИАЛА
- 3. 1. Оптимизация метода очистки везикул эндомикоризных грибов от корней P. australis
- 3. 2. Совместное культивирование Glomus intraradices штамма 7 и Ri-трансформированных корней
- 4. 1. Подготовка антигена к иммунизации
- 4. 2. Схема иммунизации
- 4. 3. Специфичность антител к поверхностным антигенам
- 5. 1. Общая характеристика выявленных антигенов. Динамика активности антител
- 5. 2. Полиморфизм белковых антигенов эндомикоризных грибов
- 5. 3. Идентификация изолята Gigaspora margarita с помощью морфологических критериев
Список литературы
- Вееке Б. Принципы, оборудование, реактивы и процессы. Общие сведения. В кн.: Руководство по количественному иммуноэлектрофорезу. М.: Мир. 1977а.-с. 11−42.
- Вееке Б. Перекрестный иммуноэлектрофорез. В кн.: Руководство по количественному иммуноэлектрофорезу. М.: Мир. 19 776. с. 58−74.
- Глотов Н. В., Животовский Л. А., Хованов Н. В., Хромов-Борисов Н. Н. Биометрия. Л.: Издательство ЛГУ, 1982. — 263с.
- Гусев А. И., Цветков В. С. К технике постановки реакции микропреципитации в агаре // Лабораторное дело. 1961. — т. 2. — с. 43.
- Зольникова Н. В., Воробьев Н. И. Методы исследования грибов, образующих с растениями микоризу арбускулярно-везикулярного типа / Под ред. Г. С. Муромцева. Санкт-Петербург, 1992. — 44с.
- Карандашов В. Е. Особенности формирования и развития арбускулярной микоризы в условиях in vitro: Автореф. дис. канд. биол. наук. М., 1999. -21с.
- Муромцев Г. С., Маршунова Г. Н., Павлова В. Ф., Зольникова Н. В. Роль почвенных микроорганизмов в фосфорном питании растений // Успехи микробиологии. 1985. — т. 20. — с. 174−195.
- Струнникова О. К., Муромцев Г. С. Изучение штаммов Verticillium dahliae и V. albo-atrum методом иммуноэлектрофореза // Микология и фитопатология. 1987. — т. 21. — № 2. — с. 155−160.
- Хрущева Е. П., Согина И. И. Об участии эндомикоризы в фосфорном питании сельскохозяйственных растений // Микориза и другие формы консортивных связей в природе. Пермь, 1983. — с. 29 — 33.
- Abbott L. К., Robson A. D., Hall I. R. Introduction of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi into agricultural soils // Australian Journal of Agricultural Research. 1983. — v. 34. — p. 741−749.
- Abdalla M. E., Abdel-Fattah G. M. Influence of the endomycorrhizal fungus Glomus mosseae on the development of peanut pod rot disease in Egypt // Mycorrhiza. 2000. — v. 10. — p. 29−35.
- Ahiabor B. D., Hirata H. Characteristic responses of three tropical legumesto the inoculation of two species of VAM fungi in Andosol soils with different fertilities //Mycorrhiza. 1994. — v. 5. — p. 63−70.
- Aldwell F. E. B., Hall I. R. Monitoring spread of Glomus mosseae through soil infested with Acaulospora laevis using serological and morphological techniques // Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 1986. — v. 87. — p. 131−134.
- Aldwell F. E. B., Hall I. R., Smith J. M. B. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to identify endomycorrhizal fungi // Soil. Biol. Biochem. 1983. — v. 15.-p. 377−378.
- Aldwell F. E. B., Hall I. R., Smith J. M. B. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay as an aid to taxonomy of the Endogonaceae // Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 1985. — v. 84.-p. 399−402.
- Al-Karaki G. N. Growth of mycorrhizal tomato and mineral acquisition under salt stress // Mycorrhiza. 2000. — v. 10. — p. 51−54.
- Ames R. N., Reid C. P. P., Porter L. K., Cambardella C. Hyphal uptake and transport of nitrogen from two I5N labeled sources by Glomus mosseae, a vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus // New Phytol. 1983. — v. 95. — p. 381 396.
- Azcon R., Gomez M., Tobar R. Physiological and nutritional responses by Lactuca sativa L. to nitrogen sources and mycorrhizal fungi under drought conditions // Biology and Fertility of Soils. 1996. — v. 22. — p. 156−161.
- Becard G., Fortin J. A. Early events of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza formation on Ri T-DNA transformed roots // New Phytol. 1988. — v. 108. — p. 211−218.
- Becard G., Pfeffer P. E. Status of nuclear division in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi during in vitro development // Protoplasma. 1993. — v. 194. — p. 62−68,
- Bethlenfalvay G. J., Reyes-Solis M. G., Camel S. B., Ferrera-Cerrato R. Nutrient transfer between the root zones of soybean and maize plants connected by a common mycorrhizal mycelium // Physiol. Plant. 1991. — v. 82. — p. 423−432.
- Bolan N. S., Robson A. D., Barrow N. J. Effects of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza on the availability of iron phosphates to plants // Plant Soil. 1987. -v. 22.-p. 401−410.
- Bonfante-Fasolo P., Faccio A., Perotto S., Schubert A. Correlation between chitin distribution and cell wall morphology in the mycorrhizal fungus Glomus versiforme II Mycol. Res. 1990. — v. 94. — p. 157−165.
- Casana M., Bonfante-Fasolo P. Ife intercellulari ed arbuscoli di Glomus fasciculatum (Thaxter) Gerd. et Trappe isolate con digestione enzimatica // Allionia. 1982. — v. 25. — p. 17−25.
- Chabot S., Becard G., Piche Y. Life cycle of Glomus intraradices in root organ culture//Mycologia. 1992. — v. 84. — p. 315−321
- Chelius M. K., Triplett E. W. Rapid detection of arbuscular mycorrhizae in roots and soil of an intensively managed turfgrass system by PCR amplification of small subunit rDNA // Mycorrhiza. 1999. — v. 9. — p. 61−64.
- Clapp J. P., Young J. P. W., Merryweather J. W., Fitter A. H. Diversity of fungal symbionts in arbuscular mycorrhizas from a natural community // New Phytol. 1995. v. 130.-p. 259−265.
- Cooke J. C., Gemma J. N., Koske R. E. Observations of nuclei in vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi // Mycologia. 1987. — v. 79. — p. 331−333.
- Cordier C., Gianinazzi-Pearson V., Gianinazzi S. Immunodetection de champignons endomycorhiziens a arbuscules in planta // Acta Bot Gallica. -1994.-v. 141,-p.465−468.
- Dewey M., Evans D., Coleman J., Priestley R., Hull R., Horsley D., Hawes C. Antibodies in plant science // Acta Bot Neerl. 1991. — v.40. — p. 1−27.
- Diop T. A., Plenchette C., Strullu D. G. Dual axenic culture of sheared-root inocula of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi associated with tomato roots // Mycorrhiza. 1994. — v. 5. — p. 17−22.
- Franken P., Gianinazzi-Pearson V. Construction of genomic phage libraries of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi Glomus mosseae and Scutellospora castanea and isolation of ribosomal RNA genes // Mycorrhiza. 1996. — v. 6. — p. 167−173.
- Friese C. F., Allen M. F. Tracking the fates of exotic and local VA mycorrhizal fungi: methods and patterns // Agric. Ecosys. Environ. 1991. — v. 34. — p. 8796.
- Gianinazzi-Pearson V., Gianinazzi S. Enzymatic studies on the metabolism of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza. II soluble alkaline phosphatase specific to the mycorrhizal infection in onion roots // Physiol. Plant Pathol. 1978. — v. 12. — p. 45−53.
- Gianinazzi-Pearson V., Gianinazzi S. Protein and protein activities in endomycorrhizal symbioses. In: Mycorrhiza: function, molecular biology and biotechnology. / ed. B. Hock, A. K. Varma. Springer-Verlag. — Heidelberg, 1994.
- Gibbons A. Systematics goes molecular // Science. -1991. v. 251. — p. 872−874.
- Giersch T., Hock B. Production of monoclonal antibodies for the determination of s-triazines with enzyme immunoassays // Food Agrie. Immunol. 1990. — v. 2. -p. 85−97.
- Giovanetti M., Gianinazzi-Pearson V. Biodiversity in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi // Mycol. Res. 1994. — v. 98. — p. 705−715.
- GObel C., Hahn A., Hock B. Production of polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies against hyphae from arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi // Critical Reviews in Biotechnology. 1995. — v. 15. — p. 293−304.
- Gupta R., Krishnamurthy K. V. Response of mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal Arachis hypogaea to NaCl and acid stress // Mycorrhiza. 1996. — v. 6. — p. 145 149.
- Haas J. H., Krikun J. Efficacy of endomycorrhizal fungus isolates and inoculum quantities required for growth response // New Phytologist. 1985. — v. 100. — p. 613−621.
- Hahn A., Bonfante P., Horn K., Pausch F., Hock B. Production of monoclonal antibodies against surface antigens of spores from arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi by an improved immunization and screening procedure // Mycorrhiza. 1993. -v.4. — p. 69−78.
- Hahn A., Horn K., Hock B. Serological properties of mycorrhizae. In: Mycorrhiza: function, molecular biology and biotechnology. / ed. B. Hock, A. K. Varma. Springer-Verlag. — Heidelberg, 1994b
- Hall I. R., Field trials assessing the effect in inoculating agricultural soils with endomycorrhizal fungi // Journal of Agricultural Science. 1984. — v. 102. — p. 725−731.
- Harboe N. M. G., Ingild A. Immunization, isolation of immunoglobulins and antibody titre determination // Scand. J. Immunol. 1983. — v. 17. — p. 345−351.
- Hardham A. R., Suzaki E., Perkin J. L. Monoclonal antibodies to isolate-, species-, and genus-specific components on the surface of zoospores and cysts of the fungus Phytophthora cimmamomi I I Can. J. Bot. 1986. — v. 64. — p. 311 321.
- Harley J. L., Smith S. E. Mycorrhizal symbiosis. London: Academic Press, 1983.-483 pp.
- Harley J. L. The significance of Mycorrhiza // Mycological research. 1989. — v. 92, part 2.-p. 129−139.
- Harlow E., Lane D. Antibodies: a laboratory manual. Cold Spring Harbor, New York: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1988.
- Haselwandter K., Berreck M. Accumulation of radionuclides in fungi. In: Metal ions in fungi. / ed. G. Winkelmann, D. R. Winge. Marcel Dekker. — New York, 1994.-p. 259−277.
- Hassouna N., Michot B., Bachellerie J. P. The complete nucleotide sequence of mouse 28S rRNA gene. Implication for the process of size increase of the large rRNA in higher eucaryotes // Nucleic Acid Res. 1984. — v. 12. — p. 3563−3583.
- Hayashi K., Yandell D. W. How sensitive is PCR-SSCP? // Hum. Mutat. 1993. — v.2. — p. 338−346.
- Hepper C. M. Isolation and culture of VA mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi. In: VA Mycorrhiza. / ed. C. L. I. Powell, D. J. Bagyaraj. CRC Press. — Boca Raton, Fla, 1984.-p. 95−112.
- Hepper C. M., Mosse B. Techniques used to study the interaction between Endogone and plant roots. In: Endomycorrhizas. / ed. F. E. Sanders, B. Mosse, P. B. Tinker. Academic Press. — London, 1975. — p. 65−75.
- Hepper C. M., Sen R., Azcon-Aguilar C., Grace C. Variation in certain isozymes amongst different geographical isolates of the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi Glomus monosporum and Glomus mosseae // Soil Biol. Bioch. 1988a. — v. 20.-p. 51−59.
- Hepper C. M., Azcon-Aguilar C., Rosendahl S., Sen R. Competition between three species of Glomus used as spatially separated introduced and indigenousmycorrhizal inocula for leek {Allium porrum L.) // New Phytol. 1988b. — v. 110. -p. 207−215.
- Horn K., Hahn A., Pausch F., Hock B. Isolation of pure spore and hyphal fractions from vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi // J. Plant Physiol. 1992. -v. 141.-p. 28−32.
- Jabaji-Hare S., Sridhara S. J., Kendrick B. A technique for the isolation of intramatrical vesicles from vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae // Can. J. Bot. -1984.-v. 62.-p. 1466−1468.
- Jackson N. E., Miller R. H., Franklin R. E. The influence of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae on uptake of 90 Sr from soil by soybeans // Soil Biol. Biochem. -1973.-v. 5.-p. 205.
- Jakobsen I., Rosendahl L. Carbon flow into soil and external hyphae from roots of mycorrhizal cucumber plants // New Phytol. 1990. — v. 115. — p. 77−83.
- Jakobsen I., Abbot L. K., Robson A. D. External hyphae of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi associated with Trifolium subterraneum L. Spread of hyphae and phosphorus inflow into roots // New Phytol. 1992. — v. 120. — p. 371−380.
- Karandashov V., Kuzovkina I., Hawkins H-J., George E. Growth and sporulation of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus caledonium in dual culture with transformed carrot roots // Mycorrhiza. 2000. — v. 10. — p. 23−28.
- Kawai Y., Yamamoto Y. Increase in the formation and nitrogen fixation of soybean nodules by vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza // Plant Cell Physiol. -1986.-v. 27.-p. 399−405.
- Khaliq A., Sanders F. E. Effects of phosphorus application and vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculation on the growth and phosphorus nutrition of maize // Journal of Plant Nutrition. 1997. — v. 20. — p. 1607−1616.
- Kohler G., Milstein C. Continuous cultures of fused cells secreting antibody of predefined specificity //Nature. 1975. — v. 256. — p. 495−497.
- Kohn I. Developing new characters for fungal systematics: an experimental approach for determining the rank of resolution // Mycologia. 1992. — v. 84. -p. 139−153.
- Kothari S. K. Marschner H., Romheld V. Contribution of VA mycorrhizal hyphae in acquisition of phosphorus and zinc by maize grown in a calcareous soil //Plant soil.-1991.-v. 131.-p. 177−185.
- Kough J., Malajczuk N., Linderman R.G. Use of the indirect immunofluorescent technique to study the vesicular-arbuscular fungus Glomus epigaeum and other Glomus species // New Phytol. 1983. — v. 94. — p. 57−62.
- Li X-L., George E., Marschner H. Extension of the phosphorus depletion zone in VA-mycorrhizal white clover in a calcareous soil // Plant Soil. 1991a. — v. 136. -p. 41−48.
- Li X-L., Marschner H., George E. Acquisition of phosphorus and cooper by VA-mycorrhizal hyphae and root-to-shoot transport in white clover // Plant Soil. -1991b.-v. 136.-p. 49−57.
- Liu A., Hamel C., Hamilton R.I., Ma B.L., Smith D.L. Acquisition of Cu, Zn, Mn, and Fe by mycoirhizal maize (Zea mays L.) grown in soil at different P and micronutrient levels // Mycorrhiza. 2000. — v.9. — p. 331−336.
- Marschner H., Dell B. Nutrient uptake in mycorrhizal symbiosis // Plant and Soil. -1994.-v. 159.-p. 89−102.
- McGraw A. C., Gamble J. F., Schenck N. C., Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal uptake of cesium-134 in two tropical pasture grass species // Phytopathology. -1979.-v. 69.-p. 1038.
- Micales J. A., Bonde M. R., Peterson G. L. The use of isozyme analysis in fungal taxonomy and genetics // Mycotaxon. 1986. — v. 27.- p. 405−449.
- Michot B., Bachellerie J. P. Secondary structure of mouse 28S rRNA and general models for the folding of the large RNA in eucaryotes // Nucleic Acid Res. -1984.-v. 12.-p. 4259−4279.
- Miller R. M., Jastrow J. D. The role of mycorrhizal fungi in soil conservation. In: Mycorrhiza in sustainable agriculture / ed. G. J. Bethlenfalvay, R. G. Linderman. ASA Spec. Publ. — Madison, 1992. — p. 29−44.
- Miller-Wideman M. A., Watrud L. S. Sporulation of Gigaspora margarita on root cultures of tomato // Canad. J. Microbiol. 1984. — v. 30. — p. 642−646.
- Morton J. B. Variation in mycorrhizal and spore morphology of Glomus occultum and Glomus diaphanum as influenced by plant and soil environment // Mycologia. 1985a. — v. 77. — p. 192−204.
- Morton J. B. Underestimation of most probable numbers of vesicular-arbuscular endophytes because of nonstaining mycorrhizae // Soil Biol. Biochem. 1985b. -v. 17.-p. 383−384.
- Morton J. B. Taxonomy of VA mycorrhizal fungi: classification, nomenclature, and identification // Mycotaxon. 1988. — v. 32. — p. 267−324.
- Morton J. B. Evolutionary relationships among arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the Endogonaceae // Mycologia. 1990. — v. 82. — p. 192−207.
- Mosse B., Hepper C. Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal infections in root organ cultures // Physiol. Plant Pathol. 1975. — v. 5. — p. 215−223.
- Mugnier J., Mosse B. Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal infection in transformed root-inducing t-DNA roots grown axenically // Phytopathology. 1987. — v. 77. -p. 1045−1050.
- Mullis K., Faloona F., Schaarf S., Saiki R., Horn G., Erlich H. Specific enzymatic amplification of DNA in vitro: the polymerase chain reaction. Cold Spring Harbor Symp. // Quant. Biol. 1986. — v. 51. — 263−273.
- Murashige T., Skoog F. A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassays with tobacco tissue culture // Physiol. Plant. 1962. — v. 15. — p. 473−497.
- Pacovsky R. S., Fuller G., Stafford A. E., Paul E. A. Nutrient and growth interactions in soybeans colonized with Glomus fasciculatum and Rhizobium japonicum II Plant Soil. 1986. — v. 92. — p. 37−45.
- Perrin R. Interactions between mycorrhizae and diseases caused by soil-borne fungi II Soil Use Manag. 1990. — v. 6. -p. 189−195.
- Raju P. S., Clark R. B., Ellis J. R., Maranville J. W. Mineral uptake and growth of sorghum colonized with VA mycorrhiza at varied soil phosphorus levels // J. Plant Nutr. 1990. — v. 13. — p. 843−859.
- Remy W., Tailor T. N., Hass H., Kerp H. Four hundred-million-years-old vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizae // Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA.- 1994,-v. 91.-p. 11 841−11 843.
- Rosendahl S., Sen R. Isosyme analysis of mycorrhizal fungi and their mycorrhiza. In: Methods in microbiology. Techniques for mycorrhizal research /ed. J. R. Norris, D. J. Read, A. K. Varma. Academic Press. — London, 1994. — p. 629−654.
- Ruiz-Lozano J. M., Azcon R., Gomez M. Effects of arbuscular-mycorrhizal Glomus species on drought tolerance: Physiological and nutritional plant responses //Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1995. — v. 61. — p. 456−460.
- Ruiz-Lozano J. M., Azcon R., Gomez M. Alleviation of salt stress by arbuscular-mycorrhizal Glomus species in Lactuca sativa plants // Physiol. Plant. 1996. -v. 98. — p. 767−772.
- Saiki R. K., Gelfand D. H., Stoffel S" Scharf S. J., Higuchi R., Horn G. T., Mullis K. B., Erich H. A. Primer-directed enzyme amplification of DNA with a thermostable DNA polymerase // Science. 1988. — v. 239. — p. 487−491.
- Schenck N. C., Perez Y. Manual for the identification of VA mycorrhizal fungi. -Gainesville: INVAM, University of Florida, 1988.-241 pp.
- Sen R., Hepper C. M. Characterization of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi {Glomus spp) by selective enzyme staining following polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis // Soil Biol. Biochem. 1986. — v. 18. — p. 29−34.
- Sharma M. P., Gaur A., Bhatia N. P., Adholeya A. Growth responses and dependence of Acacia nilotica var. cupriciformis on the indigenous arbuscular mycorrhizal consortium of a marginal wasteland soil // Mycorrhiza. 1996. — v. 6.-p. 441−446.
- Simon L., Lalonde M., Bruns T.D. Specific amplification of 18S fungal ribosomal genes from vesicular-arbuscular endomycorrhizal fungi colonizing roots // Appl Environ Microbiol. 1992a. — v. 58. — p. 291−295.
- Simon L., Levesque R. C., Lalonde M. Rapid quantification by PCR of endomycorrhizal fungi colonizing roots // PCR Methods and Application. -1992b.-v. 2.-p. 76−80.
- Simon L., Bousquet J., Levesque R. C., Lalonde M. Origin and diversification of endomycorrhizal fungi and coincidence with vascular land plants // Nature. -1993a.-v. 363.-p. 67−69.
- Simon L., Levesque R. C., Lalonde M. Identification of endomycorrhizal fungi colonizing roots by fluorescent single-strand conformation polymorphism -polymerase chain reaction // Appl. Environ. Microbiol. — 1993b. v. 59. — p. 4211−4215.
- Singleton L. L., Mihail J. D., Rush C. M. (eds) Methods for research on soilborne phytopathogenic fungi. St. Paul: APS Press, 1992. -p 243.
- Smith S. E., Gianinazzi-Pearson V. Physiological interactions between symbionts in vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal plants // Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Bioi. 1988. — v. 39. — p. 221−244.
- Smith S. E., Gianinazzi-Pearson V., Koide R., Cairney J. W. G. Nutrient transport in mycorrhizas: structure, physiology and consequences for efficiency of the symbiosis // Plant and Soil. 1994. — v. 159. — p. 103−113.
- Straker C. J., Gianinazzi-Pearson V., Gianinazzi S., Cleyet-Marel J. C., Bousquet N. Electrophoretic and immunological studies on acid phosphatase from a mycorrhizal fungus of Erica hispidula // New Phytol. 1989. — v. 111. — p. 215 221.
- Subramanian K. S., Charest C. Nutritional, growth and reproductive responses of maize (Zea mays L.) to arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculation during and after drought stress at tasselling // Mycorrhiza. 1997. — v.7 — p. 25−32.
- Sward R. J. The structure of the spores of Gigaspora margarita. II. Changes accompanying germination//New Phytol. -1981. v. 88. — p. 661−666.
- Sylvia D. Activity of external hyphae of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi // Soil Biol. Biochem. 1988. — v. 20. — p. 39−43.
- Tommerup I. C. The vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas // Adv. Plant Pathol. -1988.-v. 6.-p. 81−91.
- Walker C Systematics and taxonomy of the Glomales: a possible way forward // Agronomie. 1992. — v. 12. — p. 887−897
- Walker C., Trappe J. M. Names and epithets in the Glomales and Endogonales // Mycol. Res. 1993. — v. 97. — p. 339−344.
- Wang G., Whittam T. S., Berg M., Berg D. E. RAPD (arbitrary primer) PCR is more sensitive than multilocus enzyme electrophoresis for distinguishing related bacterial strains //Nucleic Acid Res. 1993. — v. 21. — p. 5930−5935.
- Weinbaum B. S., Allen M. F., Friese C. F. Tracking the fate of Acaulospora and Scutellospora using fluorescent antibodies // Newsletter of the MSA. 1992. — v. 43.-p. 54
- Weller T. H., Coons A. H. Fluorescent antibody studies with agents of varicella and herpes zoster propagates in vitro // Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 1954. — v. 86, n. 4.-p. 789−794.
- Williams J. G. K., Kubelik A. R., Livak K. J., Rafalski J. A., Tinguey S. V. DNA polymorphisms amplified by arbitrary primers are useful as genetic markers // Nucleic Acid Res. 1990. — v. 18. — p. 6531−6535.
- Williams P.G. Axenic culture of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi // Methods Microbiol. 1991. — v. 24. — p. 203−220.
- Wilson I. M., Trinick M. J., Parker C. A. The identification of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi using immunofluorescence // Soil Biol. Biochem. -1983.-v. 15.-p. 439−445.
- Wright S. F., Franke-Snyder M., Morton J. B., Upadhyaya A. Time-course study and partial characterization of a protein on hyphae of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi during active colonization of roots // Plant Soil. 1996. — v. 181. — p. 193 203.
- Wright S. F., Morton J. B. Detection of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus colonization of roots by using a dot-immunoblot assay // Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1989. — v. 55. -p. 761−763.
- Wright S. F., Morton J. B., Sworobuk J. E. Identification of a. vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus by using monoclonal antibodies in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay // Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1987. — v. 53. — p. 2222−2225.
- Wright S. F., Starr J. L., Paltineanu I. C. Changes in aggregate stability and concentration of glomalin during tillage management transition // soil Sci. -1999.-v. 63.-p. 1825−1829.
- Wright S. F., Upadhyaya A. Extraction of an abundant and unusual protein from soil and comparison with hyphal protein of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi // Soil Sci. 1996. — v. 161. — p. 575−586.
- Wright S. F., Upadhyaya A. A survey of soils for aggregate stability and glomalin, a glycoprotein produced by hyphae of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi // Plant Soil. 1998. — v. 198. — p. 97−107.
- Wright S. F., Upadhyaya A. Buyer J. S. Comparison of N-linked oligosaccharides of glomalin from arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and soils by capillary electrophoresis // Soil Biol. Biochem. 1998. — v. 30. — p. 1853−1857.
- Wyss P., Bonfante P. Amplification of genomic DNA of arbuscular-mycorrhizal (AM) fungi by PCR using short arbitrary primers // My col Res. 1993. — v. 97. -p. 1351−1357.
- Zeze A., Dulieu H., Gianinazzi-Pearson V. DNA cloning and screening of a partial genomic library from an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus, Scutellospora castanea I I My corrhiza. 1994. — v. 4. — p. 251−254.